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Moral Instinct
Psychological State that can be turned on and off. (moralization)
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Principles
General normative standard of conduct; obligation (should), duty, commandment laws. Principles exist in three ways 1) agreed upon by a whole group 2) grounded in human nature (natural law) 3 Devine commandment theory
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Consequences
Weighing of or choosing amoung valued ends.
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Virtue/Character
a habit to act act ina certian way that society deems noble or good (nobility, civility)
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Moral Sentiment
Moral Judgment based on feelings
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Age Cohort
- 1) Child - Authority Figure (impulse)
- 2) adolesent/peer - what others think and say
- 3) Adult - Society, Self
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Kohlbergs Theory of Moral Development
People will move to a higher stage when the lower stage is inadaquate.
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Kohlbergs 6 Stages of moral development
- 1) Punishment and Obediance - the motivation is to avoid pain
- 2) Satisfying ones needs - Egocentric
- 3) Nice Girl/Good Boy orientation- seeks outside approval
- 4) Law and Order - Maintain the rules, do ones duty
- 5) Social Contract - do whats best for society or "the common good"
- 6) Universal Ethical Principle - follow conscience
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What is the Criticism of kohlbergs theory?
He only studied boys
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Gilligans theory
Woman base decisions on relationships (3 stages)
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what are the 3 stages of Gilligans Theory?
- 1) Ego-Centric - Focuses on "my" needs
- 2) Self-Sacrificing - other centered focuses on "your" needs
- 3) Mature Care Ethics - Balancing "my" needs and "yours"
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Moral Theory
View point people use to determine thier morals
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Teleoligical Branch
Concerned with the moral instint of consequence.
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Ethical Egoism
Theory that states selfishness is a virtue. Humans ought to act in thier own self interest
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Arguments for Ethical Egoism
Altruism - selflessness is demeaning, acting selfishly creates a better world. Helping others creates enabling and dependancy
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Critisim of Ethical Egoism
inconsistant with helping profession, parenthood, friendships. It pre-supposes we are strangers
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Utilitarianism
instead of the focus being on the individual it focuses on the groups needs.
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Basic insights of utilitarianism
The purpose of morality is to make the world a better place. Good consequences is what matters not good intentions. We must do whatever will bring the most benifit to the most people.
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Principle of Utility
Always choose action or social policy which would have the best consequences for the everyone. Always act in a way that will produce the greartest good in the world.
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Act Utilitarianism
Focus is on calculating the best consequence for each act.
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Rule Utilitarinism
Focus is on the rules that bring the greatest good.
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Strengths of Utilitarianism
- - morally demanding
- - IMPARTIAL - NO FAVORITES (ON TEST)
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