Repiratory System

  1. The respiratory system supplies this.....
    and gets rid of this........
    Supplies Oxygen

    Discards Carbon Dioxide
  2. The Respiratory system consits of these 6 parts:
    • Nose & Nasal Cavity
    • Throat (pharynx)
    • Voice Box (larynx)
    • Windpipe (trachea)
    • Bronchial Tubes
    • Lungs
  3. What are the functions of the respiratory System ?
    there are 6 of them
    • Ventilation
    • Cleaning and Filtering Air
    • Gas Exchange
    • Gas Transport
    • Smell
    • Speech
  4. The Nose contains these 4 parts:
    • External Nares (nostrils)
    • Nasal Septum
    • Nasal Conchae
    • Internal Nares
  5. Where are the Nasal Conchae and what do they do?
    • Located on the lateral walls in the nose.
    • They swirl air and expose nasal lining to more air contact that warms and moisents air.
  6. What is the Nasal Septum made of?
    Cartilage & Bone
  7. Where are the Intenal Nares ?
    Back opening of the nasal cavity into the Pharynx
  8. What is the function of the Olfactory Epithelium ?
    Detection of smell
  9. What do the Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium line?
    Nasal Cavity, Nasopharynx & the Trachea
  10. What FUNCTIONS do the Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium PERFORM?
    • Large Blood supply warms air
    • Mucous moistens air & traps dust
    • Cila moves mucous towards the pharynx
  11. Paranasal Sinuses open into what cavity?
    The Nasal Cavity
  12. What are the Functions of the Paranasal Sinuses?
    They lighten the skull and RESONATE the Voice

    are found in ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal & maxillary bones.
  13. Mucous Cells are also called .....
    Goblet Cells
  14. Describe the Pharynx.
    • 5 inch long muscular tube that extends from the interal nares to the Larynx.
    • It also has 3 regions.
  15. Name the 3 regions of the Pharynx:
    • Nasopharynx (behind the nasal cavity)
    • Oropharynx (behind the mouth)
    • Laryngopharynx (behind the larynx)
  16. What are the functions of the Pharynx?
    • Passage way for food and air
    • Resonating chamber for speech production
    • Tonsils for protection against infection
  17. Describe the Nasopharynx.
    • Extends from the Internal Nares to the Soft Palate
    • Passageway for AIR only
    • Lined with Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium with Goblet Cells
  18. The Nasopharynx is the opening of the ..... from the middle ear.
    Auditory or Eustachian Tubes
  19. The Nasopharynx contains the ..... tonsils.
    Adenoid or Pharyngeal Tonsils in the roof.
  20. Describe the Oropharynx.
    • Extends from the soft Palate to the Epiglottis.
    • Lined with Stratified Squamous Epithelium.
    • Passageway for Food & Air
  21. What tonsils are found in the Oropharynx?
    • Palatine tonsils, found on side walls
    • Lingual tonsils, under the base of the tongue
  22. Describe the Laryngopharynx.
    • Extends from the Epiglottis to the Cricois Cartilages.
    • Ends @ Esophagus inferiorly.
    • Common passage way for Food & Air
    • Lined with Stratified Squamous Epithelium.
  23. Describe the Larynx.
    • Made of nine cartilages & tissues
    • 3 singles cartilages = thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis
    • 3 pared cartilages = arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform
    • Contains the vocal cords & voice box
  24. Describe the Trachea.
    • 5 inches long and 1 inch in diameter.
    • Extends from the Larynx into the chest where it divides to form the two Bronchi.
    • 16 - 20 incomplete C shaped cartilage rings.
    • Lined with Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium & Goblet Cells
  25. Name the Top & Bottom of the lungs:
    Apex & Base
  26. Name the fissures of the Right Lung:
    • Oblique Fissure
    • Horizontal Fissure

    These result in 3 lobes.
  27. What the 3 lobes of the right lung?
    Superior, Inferior & Middle
  28. Name the Fissure of the Left lung:
    • Oblique Fissure
    • Resuls in 2 lobes = the Superior & Inferior
  29. What feature does the left lung have?
    The cardiac notch, which mades way for the heart
  30. Blood Vessels and Airways enter the lungs at the ......
    Hilum, which form the root of the lungs
  31. What membrane are the lungs covered with?
    Visceral Pleura Membrane
  32. .......... are smaller compartments within the lobes.
    Lung Lobules
  33. The Lung Lobules consist of what parts?
    • Terminal Bronchioles
    • Respiratory Bronchioles
    • Alveolar Ducts
    • Alveolar Sacs
    • Alveoli
    • Extensive blood supply via cappillaries
  34. Pneumocytes are ........ cells.
    Alveolare Cells
  35. Name & give the function of the 3 types of Pneumocytes.
    • Type I = make the alveolar epithilium wall
    • Type II = (septal) Secrete Surfactant
    • Type III = Alveolar macrophage cells, eat dust, bacteria ... etc.
  36. Blood in the capillaries & air in the lungs are always seperated by the ........ membrane.
    Respiratory Membrane
  37. Describe & give the function of the Respiratory Membrane.
    • Made it of six layers
    • Four Tissue & 2 Fluid
    • it seperates the blood from the alveolar air
    • allowing oxygen & carbon dioxide to diffusion
  38. Ventilation is called ............
    Negative Draft Ventiliation
  39. Breathing in is called ..........
    Inspiration or Inhalation
  40. Breathing out is called ..............
    Expiration or Exhalation
  41. Pressure within the lung is called ..............
    Alveolar Pressure
  42. Pressure within the pleural cavities is called .......
    Intrapleural Pressure
  43. Intrapleural Pressure is always ..... than atmospheric pressure.
    Less
  44. What is the functions of Intrapleural Pressure?
    This keeps the lungs attached to chest wall and inflated.
  45. Explain Boyle's Law
    As the size of a closed container decreases, pressure insides is increased.

    As the size of a closed container Increases, pressure insides is decreases.
  46. ......... is quiet Resting Ventilation.
    Eupnea
  47. Explain how air moves into the lungs:
    Negative Air Draft

    The contraction of the diaphragm & external intercostal muscels enlarges the chest and reduces alveolar pressure to less than the atmospheric pressure
  48. Resting Inspriration or Inhalation is also called ................
    Eupnea
  49. What happens when the diaphragm & intercosta muscles relax?
    Air is pushed or squeezed out of the lungs as the chest gets smaller.
  50. What happens to the aveoli when you exhale?
    Elastic Recoil creates Alveolar pressure greater than the atmospheric pressure.
  51. Deep breathes are ........... Inspiration, which involves the back muscels to expand the chest.
    FORCED

    The diaphragm & external intercostal muscels contract more forcefully
  52. Forced Expiration involves what muscels?
    Internal Intercostal muscles contract compressing the rib cage and making the chest more narrow, the diaphragm is forced up further.
  53. Lung Volume =
    One measure of a quantity of air
  54. Lung Capacity =
    the sum of two or more volumes
  55. Ventilation Rate =
    the number of breathes per minute
  56. A ................. is used to measure volumes and capacities.
    Spirometer
  57. The record of spirometer is called ..........
    Spirogram
  58. What is the range of an adults resting ventilation rate?
    12 to 18 breaths / minute
  59. Tidal Volume =
    Vt Volume of air in one breath
  60. Inspiratiory Reserve Volume (IRV) =
    Volume of air inspired in addition to tidal volume (Vt)

    YAWNING
  61. Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) =
    Volume of air expired in addition to Vt (tidal volume)

    Sneezing / Coughing
  62. Residual Volume (RV) =
    Volume of air that cannot be expired even with maximum forced expiration
  63. Inspiratory Capacity (IC) =
    Vt = IRV
  64. IRV =
    Inspiratory Reserve Volume
  65. Functional Residual Capacity =
    (FRC) = ERV + RV

    this cannot be measured ONLY calculated
  66. Vital Capacity (VC) =
    Vt + IRV + ERV
  67. Total Lung Capacity =
    Vt + IRV + ERV + RV
  68. FEV1
    Forced Expiration Volume in one second

    should be 75% or higher in healthy adults
  69. FEV1 lower than 75 % indicates what?
    airway obstruction, lung diseases or weakness of the respiratory muscles
  70. Diffusion across the thin respiratory membrane moves from a ................. concentration to a ........................ concentration.
    From Higher to Lower
  71. In the lungs, ................... expiration diffuses O2 from the alveolar air into the blood.
    External Respiration
  72. In the lungs, ................... expiration diffuses CO2 from the blood into the alveolar air..
    External Respiration
  73. In tissues _____ _____ diffuses O2 from blood into tissues.
    Internal Respiration
  74. In tissues _____ _____ diffuses CO2 from tissues into the blood.
    Internal Respiration
  75. Diffusion of O2 & CO2 across the respiratory membrane is also called what?
    Gas Exchange
  76. In a mixture of gases, the total prssure is equal to the sum of the pressures cintributed by each individual gas. What us this called?
    Dalton's Law
  77. What does Pg stand for?
    The partial pressure of gas = g stands for the specific gas.
  78. What gases make up our atosphere ?
    Nitrogen, Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, and water plus trace gases
  79. The total pressure of our atmosphere is what ?
    PO2 + PCO2 = 760 mmHg

    The sum of the partial pressures of gases that make up our atmosphere
  80. PvO2 stands for what ? and is how much?
    Partial pressure of deoxygenated VENOUS Blood

    40 mmHg
  81. PvCO2 stands for what ? and is how much?
    partial pressure of CO2 in deoxygenated VENOUS blood

    45 mmHg
  82. More oxygen in the air, result in more oxygen in the blood, what is this called?
    Henry's Law
  83. What are the principles of Henry's Law?
    The amount of gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to :

    • Partial pressure of the gas
    • Solubily of the gas in liquid
    • Tempurature of the liquid (blood)
  84. 98.5 % of O2 is carried by what?
    Iron in Hemoglobin
  85. What does Hb stand for?
    Hemoglobin
  86. When Hb picks up oxygen in the lungs, it is called what?
    Loading
  87. When loaded what does Hemoglobin become?
    Oxyhemoglobin (Hb-O2)
  88. What is Hb-H ?
    deoxyhemoglobin or unloaded hemoglobin = when the O2 is delivered
  89. Where is Fe++ affinity greatest?
    the Lungs
  90. What does an O2 saturation of 100 % mean ?
    each of the 4 Hb is bound with an oxygen

    • 3 = 75 %
    • 2 = 50%
    • 1 = 25%
  91. What does PaO2 stand for?
    partial pressure of oxygen in oxygenated Arterial blood

    It is about 95 mm Hg
  92. What does PaCO2 stand for?
    partial pressure of Carbon Dioxide in oxygenated arterial blood

    It is about 40 mm Hg
  93. What are the factors in loading/unloading of O2 ?
    • PO2 = Main factor
    • pH
    • PCO2
    • Temperature
    • BPG
  94. Lower PO2 in tissues favors ______________.
    Unloading
  95. In a resting person, nearly _____% of O2 is unloaded from the hemoglobin.
    25
  96. Higher PO2 in lungs favors ___________.
    Loading
  97. Lower pH in the tissues favors _______ of O2 .
    Unloading
  98. Hb has less affinity for O2 at a ___________ pH.
    What is this called?
    Lower pH / Bohr Effect

    when acidity rises, hemoglobin losses it grip on oxygen.
  99. High pH of lungs alveoli favors _______ of O2.
    • Loading
    • low acid, means Hb has a higher affinty for oxygen and loads up.
  100. Higher CO2 in tissues favors ______ .
    • Unloading
    • CO2 in tissues is dissolved in water, this makes Carbonic Acid. This acidic enviornment which meand the Hb looses it grip on O2.
  101. High temperature in Tissue favors __________ .
    Unloading
  102. Low temperature in the LUNGS favors ________ .
    Loading
  103. BPG stands for what ?
    Bisposphoglycerate
  104. High BPG favors _____ od O2 in the tissues.
    • Unloading
    • the BPG causes the hemoglobin to lose it's grip on oxygen and unload it in tissues.
  105. What facotrs increase BPG formation ?
    • higher metabolic rate
    • high altitude
    • certain hormones
  106. What factors favor Unloading of O2 in the tissues?
    • Lower PO2
    • Lower pH
    • Higher Temperature
    • Higher BPG
  107. What facotrs favor LOADING of O2 in the lungs?
    • Higher pH
    • Higher PO2
    • Lower Temperature
  108. Fetal Hemoglobin differs from adult Hemoglobin how?
    Structure & Higher affinity for binding O2 - which allows it take O2 from the Partially deoxygenated blood from the mother.
  109. The air we breathe is approximatley ____ % oxygen.
    21 %
  110. When CO2 binds to Hemoglobin it becomes _________.
    Carboxyhemoglobin

    HbCO
  111. CO2 binds to hemoglobin _____ times more strongly than oxygen.
    210 times more
  112. ______ % binds 50% of Hemoglobin.
    0.1%
  113. ______ % binds 100% of Hemoglobin.
    0.2%
  114. _____ % of crbon dioxide dissolves in plasma.
    7 %
  115. _____ % of crbon dioxide becomes Hb-CO2 or ______________.
    23 % carbaminohemoglobin
  116. ______ % is of carbon dioxide is converted to carbonic acid by this enzyme, _____________.
    • 70%
    • Carbonic Anhydrase Enzyme
  117. What does H2CO3 stand for?
    Carbonic Acid
  118. Bicarbonate is transported in plasm as _______ ________ .
    Sodium Bicarbonate
  119. What are the 2 Medullary centers that control resperation?
    • Dorsal Respiratory Group
    • Ventral Respiratory Group
  120. What are the 2 Pons centers that control resperation?
    • Apneustic Center
    • Pneumotaxic Center
  121. What does the Dorsal Respiratory Group regulate?
    Quite & Forced respiration
  122. What does the Ventral Respiratory Group regulate?
    functions only during forced respiration
  123. What does the Aoneustic Center Regulate ?
    Prolonged inhalations (yawning)
  124. What does the Pneumataxic Center Regulate ?
    Protects against over inflation of the lungs by Inhibiting Prolonged Inhalations
  125. What is Hypercapnia?
    • increased CO2
    • excites chemoreceptors in carotid arteries, aorta, and medulla oblongata = increases breathing rate.
  126. What is Hypoxia ?
    • Decreased O2
    • such as at high altitudes, excites chemoreceptors and Increased breathing rate.
  127. What do Proprioceptors affect?
    • Beathing
    • Increased stimulation of proprioceptors quickly Increases breathing rate.
    • Muscle contraction and joint movement increase during exercise.
    • Happens as soon as exercise starts.
  128. What is the Hering - Breuer Reflex?
    • This stops the lungs before they over inflate.
    • the lungs over-inflation activates stretch receptors, which increase nerve impulses to the PONS & MEDULLA while inhibiting the dorsal & apneustic respiratory groups.
  129. What is concious control ?
    Intentional Breathing

    (stinky bathroom)
  130. Apnea =
    No Breathing
  131. Dyspnea =
    Painful breathing
  132. Orthopnea =
    Labored breathing while lying down flat and is relieved by sitting up.
  133. Hyperventilation =
    Rapid Breathing
  134. Hypoventilation =
    Slow Breathing
  135. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases include:
    • Chrinoc Broncitis
    • Tuberculosis
    • Pneumonia
    • Emphysema
  136. Chronic Broncitis =
    Inflamation of the bronchi
  137. Tuberculosis =
    Bacterial Infection in lungs
  138. Pneumonia =
    Fluid in lungs
  139. Emphysema =
    Destruction of lung alveoli
Author
saraherin
ID
111369
Card Set
Repiratory System
Description
Lecture
Updated