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The respiratory system supplies this.....
and gets rid of this........
Supplies Oxygen
Discards Carbon Dioxide
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The Respiratory system consits of these 6 parts:
- Nose & Nasal Cavity
- Throat (pharynx)
- Voice Box (larynx)
- Windpipe (trachea)
- Bronchial Tubes
- Lungs
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What are the functions of the respiratory System ?
there are 6 of them
- Ventilation
- Cleaning and Filtering Air
- Gas Exchange
- Gas Transport
- Smell
- Speech
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The Nose contains these 4 parts:
- External Nares (nostrils)
- Nasal Septum
- Nasal Conchae
- Internal Nares
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Where are the Nasal Conchae and what do they do?
- Located on the lateral walls in the nose.
- They swirl air and expose nasal lining to more air contact that warms and moisents air.
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What is the Nasal Septum made of?
Cartilage & Bone
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Where are the Intenal Nares ?
Back opening of the nasal cavity into the Pharynx
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What is the function of the Olfactory Epithelium ?
Detection of smell
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What do the Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium line?
Nasal Cavity, Nasopharynx & the Trachea
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What FUNCTIONS do the Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium PERFORM?
- Large Blood supply warms air
- Mucous moistens air & traps dust
- Cila moves mucous towards the pharynx
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Paranasal Sinuses open into what cavity?
The Nasal Cavity
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What are the Functions of the Paranasal Sinuses?
They lighten the skull and RESONATE the Voice
are found in ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal & maxillary bones.
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Mucous Cells are also called .....
Goblet Cells
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Describe the Pharynx.
- 5 inch long muscular tube that extends from the interal nares to the Larynx.
- It also has 3 regions.
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Name the 3 regions of the Pharynx:
- Nasopharynx (behind the nasal cavity)
- Oropharynx (behind the mouth)
- Laryngopharynx (behind the larynx)
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What are the functions of the Pharynx?
- Passage way for food and air
- Resonating chamber for speech production
- Tonsils for protection against infection
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Describe the Nasopharynx.
- Extends from the Internal Nares to the Soft Palate
- Passageway for AIR only
- Lined with Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium with Goblet Cells
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The Nasopharynx is the opening of the ..... from the middle ear.
Auditory or Eustachian Tubes
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The Nasopharynx contains the ..... tonsils.
Adenoid or Pharyngeal Tonsils in the roof.
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Describe the Oropharynx.
- Extends from the soft Palate to the Epiglottis.
- Lined with Stratified Squamous Epithelium.
- Passageway for Food & Air
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What tonsils are found in the Oropharynx?
- Palatine tonsils, found on side walls
- Lingual tonsils, under the base of the tongue
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Describe the Laryngopharynx.
- Extends from the Epiglottis to the Cricois Cartilages.
- Ends @ Esophagus inferiorly.
- Common passage way for Food & Air
- Lined with Stratified Squamous Epithelium.
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Describe the Larynx.
- Made of nine cartilages & tissues
- 3 singles cartilages = thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis
- 3 pared cartilages = arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform
- Contains the vocal cords & voice box
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Describe the Trachea.
- 5 inches long and 1 inch in diameter.
- Extends from the Larynx into the chest where it divides to form the two Bronchi.
- 16 - 20 incomplete C shaped cartilage rings.
- Lined with Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium & Goblet Cells
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Name the Top & Bottom of the lungs:
Apex & Base
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Name the fissures of the Right Lung:
- Oblique Fissure
- Horizontal Fissure
These result in 3 lobes.
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What the 3 lobes of the right lung?
Superior, Inferior & Middle
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Name the Fissure of the Left lung:
- Oblique Fissure
- Resuls in 2 lobes = the Superior & Inferior
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What feature does the left lung have?
The cardiac notch, which mades way for the heart
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Blood Vessels and Airways enter the lungs at the ......
Hilum, which form the root of the lungs
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What membrane are the lungs covered with?
Visceral Pleura Membrane
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.......... are smaller compartments within the lobes.
Lung Lobules
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The Lung Lobules consist of what parts?
- Terminal Bronchioles
- Respiratory Bronchioles
- Alveolar Ducts
- Alveolar Sacs
- Alveoli
- Extensive blood supply via cappillaries
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Pneumocytes are ........ cells.
Alveolare Cells
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Name & give the function of the 3 types of Pneumocytes.
- Type I = make the alveolar epithilium wall
- Type II = (septal) Secrete Surfactant
- Type III = Alveolar macrophage cells, eat dust, bacteria ... etc.
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Blood in the capillaries & air in the lungs are always seperated by the ........ membrane.
Respiratory Membrane
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Describe & give the function of the Respiratory Membrane.
- Made it of six layers
- Four Tissue & 2 Fluid
- it seperates the blood from the alveolar air
- allowing oxygen & carbon dioxide to diffusion
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Ventilation is called ............
Negative Draft Ventiliation
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Breathing in is called ..........
Inspiration or Inhalation
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Breathing out is called ..............
Expiration or Exhalation
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Pressure within the lung is called ..............
Alveolar Pressure
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Pressure within the pleural cavities is called .......
Intrapleural Pressure
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Intrapleural Pressure is always ..... than atmospheric pressure.
Less
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What is the functions of Intrapleural Pressure?
This keeps the lungs attached to chest wall and inflated.
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Explain Boyle's Law
As the size of a closed container decreases, pressure insides is increased.
As the size of a closed container Increases, pressure insides is decreases.
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......... is quiet Resting Ventilation.
Eupnea
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Explain how air moves into the lungs:
Negative Air Draft
The contraction of the diaphragm & external intercostal muscels enlarges the chest and reduces alveolar pressure to less than the atmospheric pressure
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Resting Inspriration or Inhalation is also called ................
Eupnea
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What happens when the diaphragm & intercosta muscles relax?
Air is pushed or squeezed out of the lungs as the chest gets smaller.
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What happens to the aveoli when you exhale?
Elastic Recoil creates Alveolar pressure greater than the atmospheric pressure.
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Deep breathes are ........... Inspiration, which involves the back muscels to expand the chest.
FORCED
The diaphragm & external intercostal muscels contract more forcefully
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Forced Expiration involves what muscels?
Internal Intercostal muscles contract compressing the rib cage and making the chest more narrow, the diaphragm is forced up further.
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Lung Volume =
One measure of a quantity of air
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Lung Capacity =
the sum of two or more volumes
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Ventilation Rate =
the number of breathes per minute
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A ................. is used to measure volumes and capacities.
Spirometer
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The record of spirometer is called ..........
Spirogram
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What is the range of an adults resting ventilation rate?
12 to 18 breaths / minute
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Tidal Volume =
Vt Volume of air in one breath
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Inspiratiory Reserve Volume (IRV) =
Volume of air inspired in addition to tidal volume (Vt)
YAWNING
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Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) =
Volume of air expired in addition to Vt (tidal volume)
Sneezing / Coughing
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Residual Volume (RV) =
Volume of air that cannot be expired even with maximum forced expiration
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Inspiratory Capacity (IC) =
Vt = IRV
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IRV =
Inspiratory Reserve Volume
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Functional Residual Capacity =
(FRC) = ERV + RV
this cannot be measured ONLY calculated
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Vital Capacity (VC) =
Vt + IRV + ERV
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Total Lung Capacity =
Vt + IRV + ERV + RV
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FEV1
Forced Expiration Volume in one second
should be 75% or higher in healthy adults
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FEV1 lower than 75 % indicates what?
airway obstruction, lung diseases or weakness of the respiratory muscles
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Diffusion across the thin respiratory membrane moves from a ................. concentration to a ........................ concentration.
From Higher to Lower
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In the lungs, ................... expiration diffuses O2 from the alveolar air into the blood.
External Respiration
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In the lungs, ................... expiration diffuses CO2 from the blood into the alveolar air..
External Respiration
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In tissues _____ _____ diffuses O2 from blood into tissues.
Internal Respiration
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In tissues _____ _____ diffuses CO2 from tissues into the blood.
Internal Respiration
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Diffusion of O2 & CO2 across the respiratory membrane is also called what?
Gas Exchange
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In a mixture of gases, the total prssure is equal to the sum of the pressures cintributed by each individual gas. What us this called?
Dalton's Law
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What does Pg stand for?
The partial pressure of gas = g stands for the specific gas.
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What gases make up our atosphere ?
Nitrogen, Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, and water plus trace gases
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The total pressure of our atmosphere is what ?
PO2 + PCO2 = 760 mmHg
The sum of the partial pressures of gases that make up our atmosphere
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PvO2 stands for what ? and is how much?
Partial pressure of deoxygenated VENOUS Blood
40 mmHg
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PvCO2 stands for what ? and is how much?
partial pressure of CO2 in deoxygenated VENOUS blood
45 mmHg
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More oxygen in the air, result in more oxygen in the blood, what is this called?
Henry's Law
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What are the principles of Henry's Law?
The amount of gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to :
- Partial pressure of the gas
- Solubily of the gas in liquid
- Tempurature of the liquid (blood)
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98.5 % of O2 is carried by what?
Iron in Hemoglobin
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What does Hb stand for?
Hemoglobin
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When Hb picks up oxygen in the lungs, it is called what?
Loading
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When loaded what does Hemoglobin become?
Oxyhemoglobin (Hb-O2)
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What is Hb-H ?
deoxyhemoglobin or unloaded hemoglobin = when the O2 is delivered
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Where is Fe++ affinity greatest?
the Lungs
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What does an O2 saturation of 100 % mean ?
each of the 4 Hb is bound with an oxygen
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What does PaO2 stand for?
partial pressure of oxygen in oxygenated Arterial blood
It is about 95 mm Hg
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What does PaCO2 stand for?
partial pressure of Carbon Dioxide in oxygenated arterial blood
It is about 40 mm Hg
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What are the factors in loading/unloading of O2 ?
- PO2 = Main factor
- pH
- PCO2
- Temperature
- BPG
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Lower PO2 in tissues favors ______________.
Unloading
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In a resting person, nearly _____% of O2 is unloaded from the hemoglobin.
25
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Higher PO2 in lungs favors ___________.
Loading
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Lower pH in the tissues favors _______ of O2 .
Unloading
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Hb has less affinity for O2 at a ___________ pH.
What is this called?
Lower pH / Bohr Effect
when acidity rises, hemoglobin losses it grip on oxygen.
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High pH of lungs alveoli favors _______ of O2.
- Loading
- low acid, means Hb has a higher affinty for oxygen and loads up.
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Higher CO2 in tissues favors ______ .
- Unloading
- CO2 in tissues is dissolved in water, this makes Carbonic Acid. This acidic enviornment which meand the Hb looses it grip on O2.
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High temperature in Tissue favors __________ .
Unloading
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Low temperature in the LUNGS favors ________ .
Loading
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BPG stands for what ?
Bisposphoglycerate
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High BPG favors _____ od O2 in the tissues.
- Unloading
- the BPG causes the hemoglobin to lose it's grip on oxygen and unload it in tissues.
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What facotrs increase BPG formation ?
- higher metabolic rate
- high altitude
- certain hormones
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What factors favor Unloading of O2 in the tissues?
- Lower PO2
- Lower pH
- Higher Temperature
- Higher BPG
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What facotrs favor LOADING of O2 in the lungs?
- Higher pH
- Higher PO2
- Lower Temperature
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Fetal Hemoglobin differs from adult Hemoglobin how?
Structure & Higher affinity for binding O2 - which allows it take O2 from the Partially deoxygenated blood from the mother.
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The air we breathe is approximatley ____ % oxygen.
21 %
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When CO2 binds to Hemoglobin it becomes _________.
Carboxyhemoglobin
HbCO
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CO2 binds to hemoglobin _____ times more strongly than oxygen.
210 times more
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______ % binds 50% of Hemoglobin.
0.1%
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______ % binds 100% of Hemoglobin.
0.2%
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_____ % of crbon dioxide dissolves in plasma.
7 %
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_____ % of crbon dioxide becomes Hb-CO2 or ______________.
23 % carbaminohemoglobin
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______ % is of carbon dioxide is converted to carbonic acid by this enzyme, _____________.
- 70%
- Carbonic Anhydrase Enzyme
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What does H2CO3 stand for?
Carbonic Acid
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Bicarbonate is transported in plasm as _______ ________ .
Sodium Bicarbonate
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What are the 2 Medullary centers that control resperation?
- Dorsal Respiratory Group
- Ventral Respiratory Group
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What are the 2 Pons centers that control resperation?
- Apneustic Center
- Pneumotaxic Center
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What does the Dorsal Respiratory Group regulate?
Quite & Forced respiration
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What does the Ventral Respiratory Group regulate?
functions only during forced respiration
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What does the Aoneustic Center Regulate ?
Prolonged inhalations (yawning)
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What does the Pneumataxic Center Regulate ?
Protects against over inflation of the lungs by Inhibiting Prolonged Inhalations
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What is Hypercapnia?
- increased CO2
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excites chemoreceptors in carotid arteries, aorta, and medulla oblongata = increases breathing rate.
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What is Hypoxia ?
- Decreased O2
- such as at high altitudes, excites chemoreceptors and Increased breathing rate.
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What do Proprioceptors affect?
- Beathing
- Increased stimulation of proprioceptors quickly Increases breathing rate.
- Muscle contraction and joint movement increase during exercise.
- Happens as soon as exercise starts.
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What is the Hering - Breuer Reflex?
- This stops the lungs before they over inflate.
- the lungs over-inflation activates stretch receptors, which increase nerve impulses to the PONS & MEDULLA while inhibiting the dorsal & apneustic respiratory groups.
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What is concious control ?
Intentional Breathing
(stinky bathroom)
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Dyspnea =
Painful breathing
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Orthopnea =
Labored breathing while lying down flat and is relieved by sitting up.
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Hyperventilation =
Rapid Breathing
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Hypoventilation =
Slow Breathing
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases include:
- Chrinoc Broncitis
- Tuberculosis
- Pneumonia
- Emphysema
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Chronic Broncitis =
Inflamation of the bronchi
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Tuberculosis =
Bacterial Infection in lungs
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Pneumonia =
Fluid in lungs
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Emphysema =
Destruction of lung alveoli
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