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if stem ends in -m or -n and is proceeded by a consonant other than h, l, m, n, or r
if stem ends in -d or -t
-e is inserted in the du, er, sie, es, ihr forms
exception: if h is part of a ch, sch, or th cluster the extra e is still addedif strong verb does not have a stem vowel change
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if stem ends in -s, -ß, -x, or -z
du only adds -t
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if tem ends in -ie
no extra -e added in ich, sie, or wir forms
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if stem ends in -el or -er
ending in Sie, sie and wir forms is just -n
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if stem ends in -el
the e of the stem is optional in the ich form
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if strong verb stem ends in -t
do not add extra -t to er, es, sie forms
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