-
What is the movement of electrons?
electricity
-
All matter is composed of atoms that contain (+) and (-) charged particles called what?
ions
-
What are electrons?
particles of matter possessing a (-) charge and very small mass
-
What is the rate at which the charge moves past a given point?
current
-
Electrons move from areas of high potential energy to where?
ares of low potential energy
-
Ampere (amps) measure what?
current
-
What is intensity measured in?
amps
-
What is the range of mamp for imperceptible?
0-1
-
What is the range of mamp for tingling, muscle contraction?
1-15
-
What is the range of mamp for painful electric shock?
15-100
-
What is the range of mamp for cardiac fibrillation/respiratory arrest?
100-200
-
What is the range of mamp for rapid burning, destruction of tissue?
+200
-
What produces the flow of electrons and is measured in voltz?
electromotive force (EMF)
-
Electromotive force is referred to as what?
potential energy sitting there
-
What is voltage?
strength of current (pressure)
amount of current through the wire=pressure
-
What is considered low voltage?
150 voltz
-
What is considered high voltage?
+150 voltz
-
What are materials that offer little oppostion to current flow?
conductor
-
Conductors are good at what?
passing on electricity
-
Metal&water, blood&muscle, and the nerve system are examples of what?
conductors
-
What is material that resists current flow?
insulators
-
rubber, wood, plastic, skin, bone, and tendons are examples of what?
insulators
-
What is resistance?
opposition to electrom flow
electrical impedence
measured in OHMS
-
What is OHMS law?
current flow = voltage/resistance
rate of flow = electromotive force/opposition to current
-
What are watts?
voltz X amperes
measure of electrical power
-
What are two types of electrical current?
D.C. (direct current)
A.C. (alternating current)
-
What are some other words for direct current?
galvanic, monophasic, uni directional
-
What are some other words for alternating current?
faradic, biphasic, 2 directions
-
What are 3 types of DC/AC current?
continuous, interrupted/modulated, surge
-
What is an alteration in current flow (shape, direction, amplitude, duration)?
waveforms
-
What is amplitude?
reflects intensity of current (by height)
-
What reflects the rate of current?
frequency
-
What happens to tissues if amplitude or frequency increases?
increased excitability of tissues
-
What is a circuit?
path of current from power source through components back to source
-
What circuit has the power drawn off at each link? All devices are either on or off.
series circuit
-
What circuit has each appliance directly connected to the + or - charge and the appliance completes the circuit?
parallel circuit
-
What is advantage?
you can disconnect on appliance without interrupting the flow to others and each appliance gets the full voltage
-
What circuit decreases by each appliance that draws on it?
series circuit
-
What are 4 ways to alter OHM's law?
- 1. abrade area/skin
- 2. apply HP
- 3. clean with alcohol
- 4. clip or shave hair
-
What do you need to decrease in order to make e stim more effective? (OHM's law)
impedence
-
What are the 2 polar effects seen with direct current (galvanic)?
anode- positive electrode
cathode-negative electrode
-
What electrode is normally seen as red, has cold effects, attracts acids (-), and repels alkaline (+)?
anode
-
What electrode is seen as black, has heat effects, repels acids (-), and attracts alkaline?
cathode
-
What electrode has a sclerotic effect, causes vasoconstriction, and decreases hemorrhage and metabolism?
anode
-
What electrode has an anti-sclerotic effect (softens tissues, good for scar tissue), causes vasodilation, and in creases hemorrhage and metabolism?
cathode
-
What electrode decreases tissue excitability, and nerve irritability (used for pain relief), has a weaker contraction, and decreases pain in acute stages of inflammation?
anode
-
What electrode increases excitability of tissues, and nerve irritability (used for increased contraction force), has a stonger contraction, and dispels fluids by increasing circulation and stimulating absorption?
cathode
|
|
