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Overveiw of the bodys defence mechanism
Defense mechanisms include:
Bariers to the eneryote pathogens (disease-producing microorganisms)
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Overveiw of the bodys defence mechanism
Defense mechanisms include:
Skin, stomach, acid, tears, vomiting
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Overveiw of the bodys defence mechanism
Defense mechanisms include:
-NONSPECIFIED DEFENCE MECHANISIMS-
Phagocytosis, inflamation
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Overveiw of the bodys defence mechanism
Defense mechanisms include:
SPECIFIED DEFENCE MECHANISM:
- imune responses
- Antibodies
- T Cells
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Pathogens Causes Disease
Disease-causing agents include:Living organisms
- Bacteria: unicellular prokaryotes
- Fungi: Unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes
- Parasites: unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes
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Pathogens Causes Disease
Disease-causing agents include: NON-living Infectious "particles
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bacterial cell. bacteria have a single strand of DNA and free-floating small ribosomes within their cytoplas. Their plasma membrane is surrounded by a rigid cell wall.
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Viruses. Viruses consist of aprotein coat surrounding either RNA or DNA
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Bacteria: Single-celled Living Organisms
Characteristics:
- Prokaryotic
- Single celled
- uses a vierety of resources for growth and reproduction
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Bacteria: Single-celled Living Organisms
Infection:
Pneumonia,tonsilltis, turbuculosis, botulisms, toxic, shock syndrom, syphillis, Lyme disease, etc
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Bacteria: Single-celled Living Organisms
Infection: TRATMENT
generally treated with antibiotics
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Viruses: TINY INFECTIOUS AGENTS
- Etremly small, much smaller that bacteria
- Living? open to debate
- Unable to reproduce outside a host cell
- No metablic activity
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Viruses: TINY INFECTIOUS AGENTS :STRUCTURE
- NUCLIEIC ACID IS SURROUNDED, NOT BOTH
- NUCLIEC ACID IS SURROUNDED BY A PROTEIN COAT
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Viruses: TINY INFECTIOUS AGENTS:DISEASES
AIDS, HEPITITIS, ENCEPHALITIS, RABIES,INFLUENZA, COLDS, WARTS, CHICKEN POX
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KEEPING PATHOGENS OUT: THE FIRTS LINE OF DEFENCE-
- SKIN-and effective detterrent
- TEARS AND SALIA -contain lysozme (antibacterial enzyme)
- EAR WAX- entraps microorganisms
- MUCUS - entraps microorganisms
- STOMACH -highly nacidic, inhibits some microorganisms
- VAGINA-slightly acidic, inhibits some microorganisms
- VOMITING,URINATION, AND DEFECATION-remove microorganism
- RESIDENT BACTERIA- outcomplete pathogens
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Nonspecific Defenses: Phagocyes Engulf Forign Cells
PHAGOCYTIC CELLS:
- white blood cells that surround and engulf invading bacteria
- neutrophillis, macrophages, eosinophils
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Nonspecific Defenses: Phagocyes Engulf Forign Cells
INFLAMATION:
REDNESS, WARMTH, SWELLING, PAIN
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Nonspecific Defenses: Phagocyes Engulf Forign Cells
nATURAL kILLER cELLS
a type of lymphocyte that attacks tumor cells and viruses-infected cells
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Nonspecific Defenses: Phagocyes Engulf Forign Cells
Comlement proteins:
- Lyse invading bacteria
- FEVER RESPONSE
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Specific Defense Mechanisms:
B CELLS : antibody-mediated immunity
- Bcell activated when they recognize an ANTIGEN
- Divide into two cells types
- Memory Cell store information for future immune response
- Plasma cells- actively secrete antibodies which will bind to antigen
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Specific Defense Mechanisms:
THIRD LINE OF DEFENSE (THE IMMUNE RESPONSE) :CHARACTERISTICS-
- Recognizes and targets specific pathogens and foreign substances
- has "memory"- "remembers" inital exposure and respons more quickly and aggressively on subsequent exposures
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Specific Defense Mechanisms:
THIRD LINE OF DEFENSE (THE IMMUNE RESPONSE) : ABility to distinguis between-
- self cells and foreign invaders
- healthy cells and abnormal (tumor) cells
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Specific Defense Mechanisms:
Lymphocytes are central to specific defences
B_LYMPHOCYTES:
- ANTIBODY MEDIATED IMMUNITY
- ANTIBODIES: PROTEINS MADE BY b LYMPHOCYES THAT BIND WITH NEUTRALIZE SPECIFIC ANTIGENS
- -ACTIVATE AGAINST VIRUSES, BACTERIA, AND SOLUBLE FOREIGN MOLECULES
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Specific Defense Mechanisms:
Lymphocytes are central to specific defences
t lymphocytes
- cell-mediated immunity
- Directly attack foreign cells
- coordinate immune response
- activate against parasites, viruses, fungi,intracellular bacteria, cancer cells, cells with "NONSELF' MHC
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T -Cells: Cells mediated immunity
T-cells
- originate from stem cells in the bone marrow
- mature in the tymus
- Types of t- cells are
- HELPER T cells and memory T cells
- CYTOXIC T cells and memory T cells
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T- cells: Cell- mediated immunity
Helper t cells
- secrete cytokines which stimulate other immune system cells
- plan a key role in directing the immune response
- are targetof HIV infection
- =stimulate b-cells
- =dont associate directly antigen only in MHC complex
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T- cells: Cell- mediated immunity
Cytotoxic T cells:
- directly attack and destroy abnormal (tumor or viral-infected) cells and foreign cells
- +cancerous or infected viruses recognizable non-normal MHC cell than attck
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T- cells: Cell- mediated immunity
Memory T cell:
reactivate during later exposures
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B cell take antigens in and break peices then moves out to the MHC complex on outside of cell helper t cell comes bined and activate cytotoxic t cells that activate b cells
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Immune memory creates immunity
Primary Immune resonse
- occurs on first exposure to antigen
- Characteristics:
- lag time of 3-6 days for antibodies production
- (immune response)peak at 10-12 days
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Immune memory creates immunity
Seconday immune response
- occurs on second and subsequent exposure to antigen
- characteristics:
- Lag time in hours
- peak in days
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Medical assistant against in the war against Pathogens: IMMUNIZATION
- a stragedy for causing the body to develop immunity to a specific pathogen
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Medical assistant against in the war against Pathogens: IMMUNIZATION
ACTIVATE IMMUNIZTION
- intentionally expose individual to a form of the antigen that doesnt produse disease
- also known as
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Medical assistant against in the war against Pathogens: IMMUNIZATION
Passive immunization
administer protective antibodies to an individual
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Medical assistant in the war against pathogens: Antibotic combat Bacteria
- antibiotics kill bacteria or inhibit their growth
- antibiotics are selectivly
- antibiotics not effective against viruses
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Innapropriate Immune System Actively causes problems:
Autommune Disorders
- Inability of immune system to distinguish self from "nonself"
- Antibodies and cytotoxic T cells target the bodies own tissue
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Innapropriate Immune System Actively causes problems:
Autommune Disorders
EXAMPLES
- Lupus erthematosis (LE or lupus)
- inflammed connective tissue
- Rheumatoid arthritis
- inflamed synovial membrane
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Immune Deficency: The Special Case of AIDS
- AIDS: aquired immune deficiency syndrom
- caused by infection with hiv ( human immunodeficency Viruse)
- hiv target helper t cells
- hiv attaches to cd4 receptors to th T helper cell and gains entry to the cell
- Transmission via body fluids ( blood, semen, breast milk, vaginal secretions)
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AIDS developes Slowly : Phase 1
- may last a few weeks to a few years
- brief period of flu-like symptoms:
- swollen lymph nodes
- chills
- fever
- fatigue
- body aches
- most people dont exhibit recognizable symptoms
- viruses is multiplying antibodies are made but are ineffective for complete viral remeoval
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AIDS developes Slowly : PHASE 11
- occurs within 6 mo to 10 yrs
- opportunistic infections present from inital exposure
- helper t cells affected numbers are decreasing
- if untreated 95% will pogress to next phase (AIDS)
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AIDS developes Slowly : PHASE 111
clinacla aids
- helper t cells fall below 200 cells/mm
- oppertunistic infections and cancers present such as
- tb
- pnemonia
- meningitis
- encephalitis
- Kaposi's sarcoma
- non hodgkins lymphoma
- if untreated ,nearly always fatal
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RISKY BEHAVIORS INCREASES YOUR CHANCES OF GETTING AIDS
- males 3/4 of new cases
- sex w/ other men
- sharing needles during intravenous drug use
- heterosexual sex with HIV- Infected female
- Females 1/4 of new cases
- sex w/ hiv infected male
- sharing needels w/drugs
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