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if the patient gently exhales the volume of gas inhaled it is called?
slow vital capacity
-
is the study of the interaction of drugs with the organism.
Pharmacology
-
is a drug that stimulates a receptor. This is a drug with an efficacy. Causes an effect
Agonist
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is a drug that blocks a recptor. A drug with affinity, but no efficacy. Blocks an effect.
Antagonist.
-
A drug that acts like epinephrine, kind of sympathomimetic agent. Can either stimulate or block the effects
Adrenergics
-
An agent that blocks the neurotransmitter actylcholine in the central and peripheral nervous system. Inhibit parasympathetic nerve impulses
Anticholinergics
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Short-acting Beta 2 agonists indicated for relief of acute airflow obstruction
Resuce agents
-
Long-acting drugs used for maintenance bronchodilation and relief of nocturnal symptoms
controller agents.
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Causes vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure ( vasopressor effect)
Alpha selective drugs.
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Causes increased heart rate and myocontractility ( increased chronotropic and inotropic effects
Beta 1 selective drugs
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Relaxes Bronchial smooth muscle, stimulates muscocilliary activity, and has some inhibitopry action on infkammatory mediator release.
beta 2 selective drugs
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The R-enatiomer of albuterol, a single isomer Beta 2 selective agonist. Binds with greater affinity to receptor sites, providing effective bronchodilation at lower doses than albuterol. Half the dose of albuterol
Levalbuterol
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Venous blood does not reflect respiratory function because it has been exposed to ________, in hwich gas exchange with the tissues alters the O2 and CO2 concentrations of the blood.
Vascular bends
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Analysis of venous blood reflects?
Local metabolic rates and is of little value
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ABG analysis is helpful in evaluating the effects of treatment and should also be obtained when?
significant changes in mechanical ventilation settings are initiated.
-
Clinicians should not solely rely on a ulse Oximetry reading when?
Abnormailites in PaCO2 or acid base are suspected.
-
Pulse ox will grossly overestimate the patient's oxygenation status when?
CO poisoning is present
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Abnormailties such as low platelet counts or increased bleeding time may increase bleeding time. What should you do then while performing a puncture?
Hold it longer.
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The Arterial blood can be obtained from which areas?
Radial, dorsalis pedis, brachial, or femoral ateries.
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What test should be performed before the ABG?
Allen's test
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How long should it take for the hand to turn back to regular color after the Allen's test?
10-15 sec.
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Is affected by body temperature, arterial bood pH and other factors
SaO2
-
Normal CaO2
16-20ml/dl blood
-
is a function of the amount of O2 bound to Hb and dissolved in the plasma.
CaO2
-
CaO2 cannot be normal without adequate ?
circulating blood cells containing Hb
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Patients with polycythemia may have mild reductions in ____ and ____ while maintaing CaO2 values within normal.
PaO2 SaO2
-
A reduced CaO2 can also be present when?
Hb is bound to other gases
-
The single most important parameter that reflects the quantity of oxygen carried in the arterial blood is the?
CaO2
-
Normal value of P(A-a)O2
10-15mmHg on room air
-
is a measurment of the pressure difference between the alveoli and the arterial blood of oxygen.
P(A-a)O2
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When the lungs become diseased what happens to the P(A-a)O2?
Iw ill become larger
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How can you estimate P(A-a)O2 when a patient is on room air?
Multiply 0.4 by their age
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Calc. of PAO2 requires known ____ and ____.
FiO2 and PaCO2
-
Can P(A-a)O2 be dtermined with patients on nasal cannula?
No, the FiO2 is too low.
-
Is strictly an indication of respiratory defects in oxygenation ability.
P(A-a)O2
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Hypoxemia is accompanied by an P(A-a)O2 that is?
Elevated.
-
What are the two situations where P(A-a)O2 would remain normal with hypoxemia?
Primary hypoventilation and high altitudes
-
Normal value of PVO2?
38-42mmHg
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What does PVO2 stand for?
partial pressure of muxed venous blood
-
A true ,ixed venous sample can be achieved only by sampling the pulmonary artery blood through a?
Pulmonary artery catheter.
-
What percentage of arterial blood is given up at the tissue vascular beds?
25%
-
Is a reflection of the relationship between O2 delivery to the tissues and the rate at which O2 is consumed.
PVO2
-
PVO2 lower than 35 mmHg is strong evidence that tissue oxygenation is?
Poor
-
Suggests reduced cardiac output or severe hypoxemia in the patient with limited cardiac function. these values are lower than 35mmHg
PVO2
-
Stands for C(a-V)O2
arteriovenous oxygen difference
-
Normal value for C(a-V)O2
3.5-5.0%
-
C(a-V)O2 exceeding 6% cardiovascular decompensation is occuring and yissue oxygenation is?
Inadequate
-
A C(a-V)O2 lower than 3.5% may also occur when the tissue utilization of O2 is?
Impaired
-
is a reflection of the quantity os CO bound to the Hb molecules and can be obtained only from the co=oximeter
HbCO Carboxyhemoglobin
-
-
is a reflection of the respiratory component of acid base status.
PaCO2
-
Occurs when the portion of the Vt that does not come into contact with blood flow is increased.
Dead Space Ventilation
-
The best perameter for evaluating the adequacy of ventilation is
PaCO2
-
Is primarily a reflection of the metabolic component of acid-base balance and is regulated by the renal System.
HCO3
-
The HCO3 may be a compensatory response to changes in PaCO2, this requires how much time?
12-24 hrs.
-
is a measurement reflecting the nonrespiratory portion of acid-base balance. It is standard deviation of the standard HCO3
BE or Base Excess
-
Metabolic disorders are noted by plasma in _____ and respiratory disorders alter.
HCO3 PaCO2
-
The three phases of the FVC maneuver.
Max. inspiratory effort, initial expiratory effort, and forceful emptying of the lungs.
-
Both restrictive and obstructive diseases can drecrease ____.
FVC
-
this test is performed by having a patient completely inhale, then exhale slowly and maximally.
SVC
-
If the FVC is lower than the SVC then?
air trapping is occuring.
-
A VC that is less than ____ indicates a risk for post operative respiratory complications
20mL/Kg/IBW
-
A VC less than _____ indicates that the patient's ventilatory reserve is decreased enough to cause rep. failure.
15mL/Kg/IBW
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