PSYC106

• Benifit: Cheap, Quick, Easy
• Limiation: Exagerates results

• Benifit?
• Limitations: Takes a loooooonnnggg time! and minimises the data

Benifit: More realistic results, very efficiant and accurate in a smaller amount of time

Sequential

They are ALL correlational designs. We do not know the cause of why things are happening.

• 1. Basic Trust vs Mistrust
• birth to 1

• 2. Autonimy vs Shame & Doubt
• 1 to 3

• 3. Inittique vs Guilt
• 3 to 6

• 4. Industry vs Inferiority
• 6 to 11

• 5. Identity vs Diffusion
• 12 to 20ish

• 6. Intimacy vs Isolation
• Young adulthood

• 7. Generativity vs Stagnation
• Middleage

• 8. Ego Integrity vs Despair
• elderly years/ not having much time left

• Maturational Effects (biological)
• Cohort and Age Normative Effects
• Idiosync

Why? Becuase they all add up over a life time

• Biological Effects
• things like puberty and physical development

• Cohort: A Special Subtype of age normative effects
• eg: a group of people, all around the same age experiencing a historical even together e.g Christchurch Earthquakes, 9/11
• Age Normative Effects: e.g beginning school at 5, finding a partner at 20 etc

• Unique and Individual things that change a persona to make you differnt
• e.g having many siblings.
• losing someone close to you

Newboarn to 6 weeks

• - are legally blind
• - very good hearing

recognise their parents by sound and feel

Sleep 16-18 hours a day

- have very limited behavious made up of eniterly reflexes such as , sucking, graspings

• - they can habituate
• -can be classically conditioned
• -can be operantly conditioned

New borns have very little miolen becuase of this they have lots of reflexs. If one thing is stimulated, something else will happen. The more miolen there is the less this will happen. It gets rid of the unwanted reflexs

• -Activity Levels
• -Intensity
• - Rythmicity
• -Attention Span
• -Approach/Withdrawl

1. Sensorimotor - birth to 18 months

2. preopetational - 2 to 7 years

3. Concret operations - 7 - 11 years

4.. Formal Operations - beginning at 12 years

a stage theorist.

what he said was wrong around the margins but as a whole correct

he tends to focus on more of what children can NOT do rather than what they can do

• Assimilation is when u try to change new things to fit into what u know
• eg.... like if u see a horse for the first time, u think ok well it has 4 legs like a dog, it runs like a dog, it has short hair like a dog, then maybe its just a big dog

Accommodation is when u change ur thoughts to accept new things in the environment

eg..... like when u see the horse for the first time, u think well this is a horse so from now on every time i see something thats large and with hoofs and a long tail i am going to think of it as a horse

• age 0-2
• Child begins to interact with envorinment

If something is not infron tof them it no longer exists

Develop control over thier own body

Can recognise their self from others

age 2 - 6/7

• -Child begins to represent the world symbolically
• -develop language
• - Make believe and play
• -use transductive reasoning
• - animism (think their teddies love them, everything has feelings_
• Lack of Hierarchical reasoning

CAN NOT focuse on 1 thing at a time

cant put them selves in another persons shoes or look at things form another persons perspective

ages 7 - 11

• -Can order things from big to small easily (seridate)
• - Understands objects can be in more than 1 category at nes
• - begins to think about objects rationally rather than in absoulte trms

• - Begins at 12 + years
• -
• abstract thought, thinking about God, Art, Infinity
• -Hypothetical thoughts - may or may not happen
• - Counerfactual tought - how things would be if something didnt happen
• - Scientific Reasoning

He views cognitive development was a social process

Episodic memory is a category of long-term memory that involves the recollection of specific events, situations and experiences. Your first day of school, your first kiss, attending a friend's birthday party and your brother's graduation are all examples of episodic memories

• An awareness of how one thinks
• - young children overestimate their thinking skills so dont work hard enough

• _{Ours is productive and grammatically structured}
• symbolic and we use displacement e,g talk about distance
• Intentional. We can lie, animals can not.

• 1. Phonology (Phonems)
• - changing a sounds changes a word. e.g rat cat bat. They are the sounds that make up languages

• 2. Semantics
• - vocabularly, morphems
• sounds hat have meaning e.g chair. Has past tense

• 3. Syntax
• -grammer, structure how words are ordered

• 4. Pragmatics
• social use of language
• -knowing how to react in situations. like the use of sarcasim

• Acquisition
• birth to 1 yer

Holophrastic speech

• Telegraphic Speech
• around 2 years

• Addition of Grammatical Morphemes
• 2.5 to around 5

• -babies react to language differently
• -only the left hemispgere responds to language
• - descriminate different phonems

• coo for 1 month (vowel sounds)
• babbling 3-4 months (short sylabols, consistant vowel sounds)

At 9 months babies start to only babble phonems from the language

• Starts around 1 year
• takes 2 - 4 months to learn even 10 workds
• starts off very slow then the pace picks up

• starts around 2 years
• -unique grammer
• - produce novel sentences
• -speech contains 2-3 morphemes
• - content words not function words

• I sit becomes I Sitting to I am Sitting
• this is very predictable within any language

• predispositions (in,on)
• plurals
• possesives
• articles
• negative sentences and questions

• 1st stage is Pidgen language
• 2nd stage Creedle languate
• 3rd a language is created

Shows you dont need learning to create a language

In born phonology

1

• 1. Asocial age
• 0-6weeks

• 2. Indiscriminate Attachments
• 6 weeks - 6 monts

• 3. First Specific Attachement
• 7 Months

• 4 Multiple Attachment
• 7.5 months

the babies dont care about people, including parents

The babies figure out that people are good but still dont really care for any one inperticular

Babie forms attachment to parents or caregiver. At this stage it is only one peron

Baby will now be attached to both parents and begin to form attachments to others around them