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Does exposure diminish anxiety?
Yes, unless exposure is too great.
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What is the only way to overcome fears?
Help people learn to be exposed to the fears.
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What happens if a person avoids there fears?
The fear strengthens.
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Can you successfully treat most anxiety disorders?
Yes.
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What are the biological contributions and causes of anxiety?
What is the fight/flight system?
The limbic system.
FF system: panic circuit, alarm & escapre response.
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What is the percentage of the HIGH rates of comorbidity?
Does Panic have similar rates as major depression?
55-76%
Yes, similar rates as major depression.
Linked to increases for all anxiety disorders.
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Are anxiety disorders more prominent in men or women?
Are social phobias more prominent in men/women?
Anxiety & mood disorders more prominent in women.
Social phobias, equal in both genders.
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What are some characteristics of people w/ generalized anxiety disorders? (GAD)
Excessive apprehension & worry.
Uncontrollable
Strong, persistent anxiety (6+ months).
Somatic symptoms: muscle tension, fatigue, mental agitation.
Problems sleeping.
Worry about minor, everyday concerns (job, family, chores, etc.)
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In children, what are some generalized anxiety disorder symptoms? (GAD)
Worry = academic, social, athletic performance.
*Need only one physical symptom.
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GAD in the elderly. What are some symptoms in the elderly?
Which group of persons are more likely to get MD's?
Worry about failing health, loss.
Up to 75% prevalence.
Use of minor tranqualizers - 17-50%
*Elderly are more likely to get MD's.
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What is agoraphobia?
Fear of avoidance of situations/events
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Panic disorder w/ and w/o agoraphobia. What are some clinical descriptions?
Avoidance can be persistent.
Use and abuse of drugs/alcohol.
Interoceptive avoidance.
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Panic disorder treatment. What are some systems? (multiple)
Serotonergic, noradrenergic, benzodiazepine GABA.
SSRIs (e.g. Prozac & Paxil)
High replapse rates when d/c'd
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Panic Disorder: What are some Panic control treatments?
Exposure to interoceptive cues.
Cognitive therapy.
Relaxation/breathing
*High degree of efficacy.
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What are some symptoms of "blood-injection-injury" phobia? What is the onset?
Decreased heart rate and blood pressure.
Fainting
Inherited vasovagal response
Onset: ~9
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What is "situational phobia"? Give some examples and onset.
Fear of specific situations.
(e.g. transportation, small places
No uncued panic attacks
Onset: early to mid 20s.
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What are some natural environment phobias? What is the onset?
Heights, storms, water (may combine).
*Associated w/ real dangers.
Onset: ~7
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What are some animal phobias?
Are they associated w/ real dangers?
Dogs, snakes, mice.
*May be associated w/ real dangers
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What is an example of "seperation anxiety"? Is it normal?
Yes, its normal.
*As babies begin to understand that they can be separated from their primary caregiver, they do not understand that their caregiver will return, nor do they have a concept of time.
This, in turn, causes a normal & healthy anxious reaction.
(ages 6-18 months).
*Normal stage of development.
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What is separation anxiety disorder?
Distress in children when separation from a major attachment figure occurs or is expected to occr.
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PTSD. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. What are the clinical descriptions?
*Have to be exposed to s/th to be classified as PTSD.
Clincial Desc:
- Extreme fear, abjectness
- Continnued re-experiencing (nightmares, memories, flashbacks)
- Avoidance of stimuli associated w/ trauma
- Numbness of responsiveness
- Feeling of detachment from others
*1 month +
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What are some causes of PTSD?
Intensity of trauma (an event)
Biological vulnerability (e.g. twin studies)
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PTSD: What are some treatments?
Cognitive-behavioral treatment (highly effective)
Exposure
Increase positive social skills & social support
Medications: SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors)
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PTSD: What is a specific treatment developed by Francine Shapiro?
Eye Movement Desensitization Treatment (EMDT)
The goal of EMDR therapy is to process these distressing memories, reducing their lingering influence & allowing clients to develop more adaptive coping mechanisms.
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