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Ionic Bonds
loss of electrons by a metal
gain of electrons by a nonmetal
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Covalent bonds
sharing of electrons
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octet
8 valence electons
associated with the stability of the noble gases
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Metals
form positive ions by loss of their valence electrons
fewer electrons then protons
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nonmetals
- achieve an octete arrangement
- gain electrons
- Negatively charged
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Naming positive ions end in
ium
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naming negative ions end in
ide
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Ionic compounds
- consist of + and - ions
- have attractions called ionic bonds
- have high melting and boiling points
- are solids at room temperture
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Ionic formula
- Neutral because it consists of + and -
- net charge of zero
- uses subscripts to indicate the number of ions needed to give charge balance
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Transition metals that only form on ion
Zn2+,Ag+, Cd2+
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Polyatomic Ion
group of atoms
has an overall ionic charge
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Diatomic elements
share electrons to form diatomic, covalent molecules
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Covalent Compounds
All nonmetals
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Organic Compund
- a compound with one or more C atoms
- has many H atoms
- may also contain O,S,N,P, and halogens
- Covalent bonds
- Low melting and boiling points & flammable
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VSEPR Theory
predicts that a carbon atom with four single, covalent bonds is tetrahedral
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Alkanes
- nonpolar
- less dense than water
- 1-4 C atoms: gas
- 5-8 C atoms:liquids at room temp.
- 9-17 C atoms: liquids such as diesel
- 18 or more C atoms: waxy solids
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expanded structure formula
each bond from the C atom to the attached H atoms is shown
to show each bond
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condensed structural formula
each C atom is combined with its attached H atoms
show each carbon atoms and its attached hydrogen atoms
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