Med Term Quiz4

Acting in opposition; manually opposin

Mineral salts (sodium, potassium, and calcium) that carry an electrical charge in solution

Hormone produced by pancreatic alpha cells that increases the blood glucose level by stimulating the liver to change stored glycogen (a starch form of sugar) to glucose

Simple sugar that is the end product of carbohydrate digestion

Relative constancy or balance in the internal environment of the body, maintained by processes of feedback and adjustment in response to external or internal changes

Chemical substances produced by specialized cells of the body that are released slowly in minute amounts directly into the bloodstream

Hormone produced by pancreatic beta cells that acts to remove sugar (glucose) from the blood by promoting its storage in tissues as carbohydrates (glycogen)

Agent that mimics the effects of the sympathetic nervous system

Structure, organ, or tissue to which something is directed

• * Adrenal cortex - promotes secretions of some hormones by adrenal cortex, especially cortisol
• * Hyposecretion is rare
• * Hypersecretion causes Cushing disease

• * Ovaries - in females, stimulates egg production; increases secretion of estrogen
• * Hyposecretion causes failure of sexual maturation
• * Testes - in males, stimulates sperm production
• * Hypersecretion has no known significant effects

• * Bone, cartilage, liver, muscle, and other tissues - stimulates somatic growth; increases use of fats for energy
• * Hyposecretion in children causes pituitary dwarfism
• * Hypersecretion in children causes gigantism; hypersecretion in adults causes acromegaly

• * Ovaries - in females, promotes ovulation; stimulates production of estrogen and prgesterone
• * Testes - in males, promotes secretion of testosterone
• * Hyposecretion causes failure of sexual maturation
• * Hypersecretion has no known significant effects
• * Hyposecretion in nursing mothers causes poor lactation

• * Breast - in conjunction with other hormones, promotes lactation
• * Hypersecretion in nursing mothers causes galactorrhea

• * Thyroid gland - stimulates secretion of thyroid hormone
• * Hyposecretion in infants causes cretinism; hyposecretion in adults causes myxedema
• * Hypersecretion causes Graves disease, indicated by exophthalmos

• * Kidney - increases water reabsorption (water returns to the blood)
• * Hyposecretion causes diabetes insipidus
• Hypersecretion causes syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)

• * Uterus - stimulates uterine contractions; initiates labor
• * Breast - promotes milk secretion from the mammary glands

• * Regulates calcium levels in the blood in conjunction with parathyroid hormone
• * Secreted when calcium levels in the blood are high in order to maintain homeostasis
• * The most significant effects are exerted in childhood when bones are growing and changing dramatically in mass, size, and shape
• * At best, calcitonin is a weak hypocalcemic agent in adults

• * Increases energy production from all food types
• * Increases rate of protein synthesis
• * Hyposecretion in infants causes cretinism; hyposecretion in adults causes myxedema
• * Hypersecretion causes Graves disease, indicated by exophthalmos

• * Bones - increases the reabsorption of calcium and phosphate from bone to blood
• * Kidneys - increases calcium absorption and phosphate excretion
• * Small intestine - increases absorption of calcium and phosphate
• * Hyposecretion causes tetany
• * Hypersecretion causes osteitis fibrosa cystica

• * Body cells - promote gluconeogenesis; regulate metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats; and help depress inflammatory and immune responses
• * Hyposecretion causes Addison disease
• * Hypersecretion causes Cushing syndrome

• * Kidneys - increase blood levels of sodium and decrease blood levels of potassium in the kidneys
• * Hyposecretion causes Addison disease
• * Hypersecretion causes aldosterone

• * In females, possibly responsible for female libido and source of estrogen after menopause (Otherwise, effects in adults are insignificant)
• * Hypersecretion of adrenal androgen in females leads to virilism (development of male characteristics)
• * Hypersecretion of adrenal estrogen and progestin secretion in males leads to feminization (development of feminine characteristics)
• * Hyposecretion has no known significant effects

• * Sympathetic nervous system target organs - hormone effects mimic sympathetic nervous system activation (sypathomimetic), increase metabolic rate and heart rate, and raise blood pressure by promoting vasoconstriction
• * Hyposecretion has no known significant effects
• * Hypersecretion causes prolonged "fight-or-flight" reaction and hypertension

• * Liver and blood - raise blood glucose level by accelerating conversion of glycogen into glucose in the liver (glycogenolysis) and other nutrients into glucose in the liver (gluconeogenesis) and releasing glucose into blood (glycogen to glucose)
• * Persistently low blood glucose levels (hypoglycemia) may be caused by deficiency in glucagon.

• * Tissue cells - lowers blood glucose level by accelerating glucose transport into cells and the use of that glucose for energy production (glucose to glycogen)
• * Hyposecretion of insulin causes diabetes mellitus
• * Hypersecretion of insulin causes hyperinsulinism

Enlargement of adrenal glands

Excision of (one or both) adrenal glands

Excessive calcium in the blood

Study of endocrine glands (and their functions)

Forming or producing glucose

Abnormally low level of glucose in the blood

Abnormal amount of glucose, in the urine

State of equilibrium in the internal environment of the body

Potassium in the blood

Incision of the pancreas

Excision of (one or more of the) parathyroid glands

Tumor of the thymus gland

Enlargement of the thyroid gland

Condition of excessive thyroid gland (function)

Specialist in the study of poisons

Secrete internally or within

Excessive thirst

Any steroid hormone that increases masculinization

Pertaining to toxic activity of the thyroid gland

Glucose in the urine

Resembling a normal thyroid gland

Secrete outwardly

Excessive glucose in the blood

Condition of deficiency of insulin

Excessive urination

Chronic metabolic disorder characterized by a gradual, marke enlargement and thickening of the bones of the face and jaw

Increased formation and secretion of urine

Hormone secreted by the pancreatic alpha cells

Simple sugar that is the end product of carbohydrate digestion

Presence of glucose in the urine or abnormal amount of sugar in the urine

Multisystem autoimmune disorder characterized by pronounced hyperthyroidism usually associated with enlarged thyroid gland and exophthalmos (abnormal protrusion of the eyeball)

Excessive distribution of body hair, especially in women

Excessive amount of calcium in the blood

Excessive amount of potassium in the blood

Abnormal increase in the volume of circulating fluid (plasma) in the body

Abnormal condition of low sodium in the blood

Tumor of the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas

Excessive accumulation of fat that exceeds the body's skeletal and physical standards, usually an increase of 20 percent or more above ideal body weight

Body mass index (BMI) of 40 or greater, which is generally 100 or more pounds over ideal body weight

Total pituitary impairment that brings about a progressive and general loss of hormonal activity

Small chromaffin cell tumor, usually located in the adrenal medulla

Crisis of uncontrolled hyperthyroidism caused by the release into the bloodstream of increased amount of thyroid hormone; also called thyroid crisis or thyrotoxic crisis

Masculine or having characteristics of a man

Masculinization in a woman or development of male secondary sex characteristics in the woman

Test that measures the degree of forward displacement of the eyeball (exophthalmos) as seen in Graves disease

Test that measures blood glucose levels after 12-hour fast

Test that measures the body's ability to metabolize carbohydrates by administering a standard dose of glucose and measuring glucose levels in the blood and urine at regular intervals

Test that determines insulin levels in serum (blood) by administering insulin and measuring blood glucose levesl in blood at regular intervals

Test that measures the concentration of thyroxine in a blood sample

Test that detects an increase or decrease in thyroid function

Test that measures calcium to detect bone and parathyroid disorders

Imaging technique that rotates an x-ray emitter around the area to be scanned and measures the intensity of transmitted rays from different angles

Noninvasive imaging technique that uses radio waves and a strong magnetic field rather than an x-ray beam to produce multiplanar cross-sectional images

Administration of radioactive iodine (RAI) orally or intravenously (IV) as a tracer to test how quickly the thyroid gland takes up (uptake) iodine from the blood

After injection of a radioactive substance, a scanner detects radioactivity and visualizes the thyroid gland

Microdissection of a tumor using a binocular surgical microscope for magnification

Excision of one or more of the parathyroid glands, usually to control hyperparathyroidism

Removal of the pineal body

Excision of the thymus gland

Excision of the thyroid gland

Method of choice for removing a fibrous, nodular thyroid

Removal of most of the thyroid to relive hyperthyroidism

• Reduce or control excretion of urine
• * Vasopressin

• Treat hyperthyroidism by impeding the formation of T₃ and T₄ hormone
• * Methimazole
• * Strong iodine solution

Administered in preparation for a thyroidectomy and in thyrotoxic crisis

• Replace hormones lost in adrenal insufficiency (Addison's disease)
• * Cortisone
• * Hydrocortisone

Also widely used to suppress inflammation, control allergic reactions, reduce rejection in transplantation, and treat some cancer.

• Increase skeletal growth in children and growth hormone deficiencies in adults
• * Somatropin (recombinant)

Increase spinal bone density and help manage growth failure in children.

• Lower blood glucose by promoting its entrance into body cells and converting glucose to glycogen (a starch-storage form of glucose.)
• * Regular insulin
• * NPH insulin

Links with an insulin receptor on the cell membrane, and transports glucose inside the cell where it is metabolized. Type 1 diabetes must always be treated with insulin. Insulin can also be administered through an implanted pump which infuses the drug coninuously. Type 2 diabets that cannot be controlled with oral antidiabetics may require insulin to maintain a normal level of glucose in the blood.

• Treat type 2 diabetes mellitus by stimulating the pancreas to produce more insulin and decrease peripheral resistance to insulin.
• * Glipzide
• * Glyburide

Not used to treat type 1 diabetes mellitus

• Replace or supplement thyroid hormones
• * Levothyroxine
• * Liothyronine

Contains T₃, T₄, or a combination of both. Also used to treat some types of thyroid cancer.

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)

Body mas index

Basal metabolic rate

Diabetes insipidus; diagnostic imaging

Diabetic ketoacidosis

Diabetes mellitus

Follicle-stimulating hormone

Growth horomone

Hormone replacement therapy

Potassium (electrolyte)

Lutenizing hormone

Milligrams per deciliter

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone

Neutral protamine Hagedorn (insulin)

Protein-bound iodine

Prolactin

Pituitary growth hormone

Parathyroid hormone; also called parathormone

Radioactive iodine

Radioactive iodine uptake

Triiodothyronine (thyroid hormone)

Thyroxine (thyroid hormone)

Thyroid function test

Thyroid-stimulating hormone