PHYSIOPSYCH_Test 3 sex pt. I

a physical trait or behavior that differs between males and females (ie. courting, peacocking)

To reach XX and XY, they are made up of (23) chromosomes. what makes up chromosomes?

DNA is a component of chromosomes. what makes up DNA?

Genes are a component of DNA. Genes, then, are small components that create _______, which determines inherited features and behavior.

________ masculinizes the body

undifferentiated gonads; "__________" can go either way

The sex determining region of the Y chromosome: _______

Binding to DNA, this causes testicle development. (it is needed to have male sex organs).
___+undifferentiated gonads= testes

at about _____ weeks, gender differentiation occurs.

2 types of androgen discussed :

Testosterone converts to _____, which exerts masculinization

If there is no SRY region present, the Mullerian System would do what?

If the SRY region is present, the Wolfian system would do what?

__________ hormones are at work before birth and are permanent. They differentiate the sex

________ hormones work on organizational hormones and roll out male / female characteristics. They are temporary.

order the terms of sexual development: from first to last (know what happens in each stage)
gonadal, morphological, hormonal, chromosomal

If any issues arise during sexual development at any point along the way, it is called _______ sexual _______. "Experiments of nature."

An example of this would be the youtube video of Patrick. He possesed a testicle and an ovary.

a type of atypical sexual differentiation:
-a lack of or malfunction of androgen receptors.
-The person is 'XY' and SRY is present, but does not develop external genitalia (due to lack of receptors).
-The result is a shallow vagina (no menstruation)
-"psuedohermaphrodite"

a type of atypical sexual differentiation:
-a lack of enzymes present for testosterone to convert to dihyrdotestosterone (DHT).
-male organs (produce testosterone), but remain internal UNTIL..
-at puberty (~age 12), hormones finally develop the male figure (female to male masculinization)
-"Gueve doces" eggs at 12

a type of atypical sexual differentiation:
- "XO" karyotype (absense of an entire sex chromosome)
-technically considered female by chromosomal standards (No "Y" = female)
-There are no gonads; they are sterile
- physical abnormalities (shorter, underdeveloped breasts, webbed neck)
- caused by a defective sperm (with no Y) joining with an egg

a type of atypical sexual differentiation:
- 'XXY' or 'XYY' karyotype

-They are male (because Y is present) gonands, male phenotype etc.
-Lower IQ
- sterile (low sperm & testosterone "hypogonadism")

a type of atypical sexual differentiation:
-this is NOT chromosome related. Instead...

- an excessive androgen exposure to females in the womb
-masculinization of females (ie. large clitoris, large/fused labia

-shows correlation to increased homo/bisexuality in females with this ( they make up 33% of the entire 5% lesbian population)
-May look male

The adrenals secrete abnormally large amounts of androgens, and the person is exposed to high androgen levels before birth

If a male becomes exhausted by repeated copulation with the same female, if a new female is introduced, he will respond quickly. Named after a president

In this syndrome, the person usually has a XXY or XYY karyotype; goands are testes, masculine phenotype, low IQ, and sterility. It is the most common cause of male hypogonadism, a condition where men are unable to produce both perm and enough of the male hormone testosterone for the body's needs.

CAH girls experience ________ of the genitals

___________ gonads develop into either ovaries or testies.

A putative human pheromone found in vaginal secretions

________ and LH (Luteinizing Hormone) are hormones that are involved in reporduction -- testes function and sperm production in men and the menstrual cycle in women

The _____, part of the hypothalmus, is smaller in women and in homosexual men than in heterosexual men.

Hamer (1993) showed that a portion of the X chromosome may play a role in male ________

The connection from the amygdala to VMH; it is involved in learning and fear. It is larger in males than in females, but in men who feel they are trapped in women's bodies (transsexuals), it is smaller

about _________ of CAH women are gay or bisexual.

Inhibits sexual function

part of the hypothalamus called the _________ is highly involved in sexual behavior... especially in males. It is larger in males. if this is stimulated, rats increase sexual behavior, if it is [damaged] they will not copulate anymore.

Nature will automatically make a ____ body if SRY is not present.

Other female animals have an _____ cycle; they do not have a menstrual cycle like women do.

In a strage but useful study, Doty found that men rated the odors of tampons women worn during ______ more pleasant than those worn in other phases of the menstrual cycle.

In ________ deficiency syndrome, a person's body cannot (convert) testosterone to the physiologically active dihydrotestosterone (DHT)-- a "girl" will turn into a boy at puberty.

________ behavior differs between males and females of a species.

DA (dopamine) and NE (norepinephrin) ____________ sexual function.

People with _____ sexual behavior issues often have frontal and temporal dysfunction.

Regions of the brain that do not have _____ receptors do not show sex differences.

Endogenous (internally produced) chemicals that exert effects on conspecifics (opposites of the same species).

An XY male will have internal male sex organs, but a lack of androgen receptors prevents external genitalia from being masculinized. Structures of the penis including the prostate fail to develop.

First menstruation

Involved in the "high" of being in love [argued to also be found in chocolate??]

The penile ___________ is in the lowest part of the spinal cord.

If a rodent's brain is NOT exposed to __________ during a critcal period of development, the animal will engage in female sexual behavior

Hormones effects later in life-- after the organization of the body and nervous system.

The _______ hypothesis state that sexual differentiation of the nervous system is guided by the same steroid (e.g. androgen) cues that guide sexual differentiation of the body.

After copulation, most male animals show a _______ --- sex cannot occur again immediately

The ____ is activated when viewing erotic films.

Is involved in fighting, fleeing, feeding, and reproducing.

Monkeys showed differential sex preferences in their selection of _____ similar to those seen in human boys and girls.

The ______, part of the hypothalamus, responds to stimulation of the genitals.

Processes pheromones; evidence for vestigial one in humans

The _____of the Y chromosome causes undifferentiated gonads to develop into testes.

Involved in the rewarding properties of sex

The anterior commisure is _______ in women than men

Hamer 1993: twin studies for correlating what?

this drug was used to prevent miscarraige, but supposedly had the side effects of increased cancer rates for women and increased chance of bi/homosexuality in men:

Prenatal stress and nicotine use experienced by an expectant mother (mostly in 1st trimester) show increased chance for what?