LARC Test2

- – Phoenician city-state w/ harbor at the outlet of perennial river in Tunisia. Dominated Tyre and Sidon
- Wealthiest city in the world 7th BCE
- Hegemony based on trading points instead of land conquest – paid rent to Libyans for land thereTraded raw materials in Iberia for goods out of Greece and Egypt

served Julius Caesar as an army engineer

- he served in North Africa, Spain, Gaul (France), and Pontus (Turkey)

- Gave us the saying: a building must have three essential qualities – durability, utility, and beauty

- Moved 44 million imperial gallons of water 31 miles in 27 hours for 50,000 people
- Begins at Fontaine d’Eure (still flows)
- Gradient only 1:3000

- Mostly underground (trench lines and sealed, covered w/ stone vaults and soil)
- Terminates at distribution castellum in Nemes, round holes for distribution pipes

o Moved spring water from spring to town
o Toll bridge during middle ages
o Picturesque painting for Louis XVI 1787
o European tourist venue, 19th century
o UNESCO Heritage site 1985

The City on Seven Hills

for temples to pagan gods such as Jupiter

o Stone bleachers seat up to 150,000 spectators
o Fancy arched entrance
o Decorated spina and obelisk
o Flood prevention earth works
o Ornate entrance and chariot gates
o Last known race: 549 AD
o Area now used for concerts

heart for centuries of public space, was in marsh that had to be drained

dramas and gladiatorial contests

o Sponsored by Hadrian (adopted son of Trajan) 118-128 CE
o A temple to All the Gods
o Engineering marvel: concrete, no rebar in dome; cracking but not crumbling

- son of Neptune, supreme god of the pantheon, protector of the state, thunder, magic, paternity

daughter of Neptune and Jupiter’s wife, protectoress of the community, marriage, fertility, and war

(similar to Athena) – virgin goddess of wisdom, poetry, medicine, commerce, weaving, crafts, magic

Goddess of Roman family hearth, guardian on eternal flame

- Provincial governor (procurator) for Vespasian, who succeeded Neo as emperor
- Author of Naturlais Historia, encyclopedic summary of ancient knowledge in botany, zoology, astonomy, geology, mineralogy, and methods of exploiting natural resources
- Included art history
- Description of eruption of Mt. Vesuvius

Pliny the Elder

- Mountainous Mediterranean island between mainland and EgyptNatural springs, stone and mineral deposits, arable land and harbors, commanding seaward views

“Secret Land in the North”

birthplace of Zeus; Odysseus was detained there by the sorceress Circe.

o Entrance court overlook harbor
o Storage for trade goods
o Guest dining room
o Queens hall
o Accounting office
o Warehouse storage for surplus goods
o Views open to harbor and town below
o Primary villa court views open to hilltop cult sanctuary

Frescoes and shape of the seat in throne room indicate

o Column shafts are made up of upside down cypress trunks

o Difficult to “read” palace layout, especially from areas below

o Exit from central courtyard presents view of mythical birthplace of Zeus
o Palace compound is a labyrinth
o No single main entrance

brings the tribute to the labyrinth and wins affection of Minos’ daughter Ariadne, who is Mistress of the Labyrinth.

escape on wings sealed with wax

He forgets to put on sails to signal he was successful, so his grief stricken father leaps off a cliff to his death

Mycenaean god of wine, ecstasy, epiphany, and madness

- conduct a 10 yr siege (the Trojan War). He succeeds at last with subterfuge (Trojan horse)

murders Agamemnon in his bath

Mountain creates a ‘military crest’

o Probably from a province on west coast of Aegean Sea
o Iliad and the Odyssey
o Fundamental to western thought
o Life as extended heroic journey

o Born in Miletus
o Studied under Egyptian priests
o Mathematician
o Father of greek philosophy
o Demythologyizer
o Diameter bisects a circle
o Sum of angles in a triangle is 180*
o Trigonometry
o Studied electricity as a scienceMind and matter are separate

o Called himself philosopher – “lover of wisdom” rather than a sage or a wise man

o Scientist – relationship between physical events and mathematics
o Music theory: harmonics reflected in mathematics
o Mystic – religious leader, believed in reincarnation
o Strong influence on plato

o Father of numerous deities as well as humans
o Symbols: thunderbolt, oak, eagle, bull
o Warned that a liaison with Metia (a Titan) would produce offspring greater than heTook Metia as consort and devoured her believing it would prevent offspring

o Statesman & Soldier
o First citizen of Athens
o Initiated public works projects that included the Acropolis
o Promoted arts and literature such that Athens became the world center
o Democratic “Populist”

o Traditional analysis is based on assertion that Golden Mean was used – little or no consideration of site position and orientation of the installation

Pythagorean harmonics, common greek dactyl modular are better predictions of the dimensions of the structure

o uses computer simulation so show the east west columns of the Parthenon are oreiented to the Red Star Aldebaran, which is called the “Eye of Zeus” (legend of Athena) A good reason to site the Parthenon high

uses Golden Mean to design Parthenon

develops classical human proportions based on ratios form geometry

smaller heads, slight elongation, and contrapposto

o Insisted on the application of reason (logic and science) instead of myth, legend, or superstition.
o Strong interest in natural science
o Said to know more than any other human being
o Hired by phillip of Macedon to tutor Alexander

o Lived close to Athens
o Conducted classes in a nearby park called Academe
o Wrote dialogs of Socrates
o Aristotle was one of his students
o Allegory of the cave is a powerful statement on the theory of knowledge

o Thought to be in charge of nature
o They were also believed to be able to take over human minds
o The character of these precincts survived the assaults of intellect and religion on the ancient gods
o Now they are called fairiesSome gardeners claim to be able to get their cooperation for outstanding production in adverse conditions

o Might be in the countryside or the city, often located beside a public roadway
o Basic elements – trees, water, and altar
o Sometimes pathways and open areas
o Sometimes enclosed and dressed; some not (Calypso); also some in the form of a grotto
o Often a sacred tree in the center, between the spring and the altar
o Non-fruit bearing species with good shade (low maintenance)

o Emphasized human relationships rather than relationships of humans to the gods
o Oedipus Rex used in Plato’s writing

o Father of the Greek tragedy dramatic form
o Identification purifies by catharsis
o Added characters to allow interaction with one another instead of only the chorus

o Conflated mythical figures with real life characters
o Probably revised tales of theseus and the minotaur

o Laid out by Hyppodamus, now called the father of town planning
o Greeks used the same grid pattern when they rebuilt it laterHas a theater and three agoras

Greeks established the finest and most complete library in the known world at

- Unifies the Persian empire by conquest of Medes – builds Pasargadae

prototypical paradise garden – it is likely to have been planted with cypress, pomegranate and cherry

- Residential palace and audience hall both built with a double plinth foundation to resis earthquake disturbance up to 7.0 on richter scale – modern engineers often use this methodCitadel stones connected with metal anchors instead of mortar joints

extends hegemony east to include Egypt, the Levant and Libya, and west into India and central Asia
- Defeated by an Athenian alliance at Marathon, he goes home to work on infrastructure such as royal roads and the empire city of Persepolis

wins at Thermopylae and burns Athens, only to lose a major naval battle. He goes back to Persia.

creates a new imperial capital at Persepolis, not far from Pasargadae.

stands at the top of a flight of stairs (4” risers)

- Invades Persia in 332 BC – his army defeats the Persians and sacks and burns Persepolis

- The god that was not created is the supreme god
- Ahura Mazda is all good; no evil comes from Ahura Mazda
- Good thoughts/action lead to eternal life
- Women not to be oppressed; slavery not condoned
- Cyrus the Great released religious captives held in Babylon
- State religion on Iran before the invasion of Alexander the Great of Greece

- Celebrated on the spring equinox as beginning of new cycle

- Walled area
- Ordered planting of fruit and shade trees in rectangular beds: cypress pomegranate and cherry
- Stone lined irrigation canals
- Aromatic flowers – lily and rose
- Meant to be enjoyed form a window, platform, or other overlookEating and social activities took place in pavilions

underground space usually found in traditional architecture in ancient Persia

windcatchers

the last pre-Islamic Persian Empire