HIS MID 2

Veii - Tarentum, 396 - 272 BC

Punic Wars

• - alexander the great's empire, all separate kingdoms
• - 146: capture of both carthage and corinth

• 27 BC
• the land (ancient meaning)
• political structure

a new territory conquered

• Sicily, 241 BC acquired in the 1st punic war
• - sent a governor to sicily because it was so far

• - gradual process
• - acculturation, integration, spontaneous process
• - assimilation of defeated populations by the Romans
• -"becoming Roman"
• - latin spread
• - roman army needs soldiers

- couldnt serve in the Roman army because they didnt have any money, needed money to buy shields and military equipment

• - first consul
• - let the proletariats into the army, we need to pay them, provide them with food and protection
• - army became professional under him
• - 107 BC

a freed slave

roman money

• - senitorial class
• - knights
• - municipal elites
• - plebs
• - infima plebs (free proliteriat)
• - liberti

official garment of the Senate

• - built on a high platform
• - not touching the ground, showing its a sacred building
• - templum: the area that is dedicated to a diety, area to perform a ceremony

• - 3
• - doric
• - ionic
• - corinthian

• - conservative party
• - trying to protect the previous Senatorial class
• - kept the wealth within
• - did not want anything to do with the people of Rome (Sulla supporters)

• - Senators that actively sought out support from the people of Rome (support Caesar and Marius)
• - common people. Roman people were happy that Caesar became dictator

gens of Caesar

- Octavian, Marcus, Lepidus, Mark Antony

built in front of Regia

Caesar becomes a divine figure

• - close friend of Caesar
• - good military leader
• - had the legal power of Rome after the death of Caesar
• - broke the Roman traditions for Cleopatra and Egypt

49 - 45 BC

42 BC

31 BC

30 BC

• octavian: divine son
• - minted coins with this phrase

• "the first head"
• - Augustus

• - formerly Octavian
• - adoptive son of JC
• - creator of the Roman Empire
• - his name means revered one

• - any time there was a war the doors must be kept open
• - Octavian closed these doors, no more civil wars

• - rioting in Rome
• - no consuls elected before July
• - Crassus is defeated and killed

• - more disorder in Rome
• - Senate house is burned down
• - Pompey is the only consul

• Optimates attack on Caesar
• tribunes leave rome

• - Caesar crosses the Rubicon, river in north italy
• - marches into Rome
• - caesar becomes dictator

• - Caesar consul II
• - goes to greece to defeat pompey's army
• - pompey is killed in Egypt
• - makes cleopatra queen of Egypt

Caesar dictator for second time

• Caesar is consul III
• he is appointed dictator for 10 years
• **calendar reform 365 days (july-julius)

• Caesar is dictator for a third time
• defeats last roman republic resistance

• Caesar and Mark Antony are consuls
• Feb 14th: Caesar is appointed dictator for life
• March 15th: Ides of March, caesar is murdered by Brutus, Cassius, and conspirators in the name of the republic
• March 20th: public funeral of Caesar
• end of April: Octavian returns from Greece, Antony is his rival

• - formation of the 2nd Triumvirate
• - Antony, Octavian, Lepidus

• - JC becomes a God
• - brutus and cassius defeated and commit suicide

Perusine War, Antony marries Octavia

- pact of tarentum: triumvirate renewed, antony marries cleopatra

- Octavian granted tribunician sacrosanctitas (powers)

- end of 2nd triumvirate, octavian becomes consul II

• - Octavian publishes Antony's will in Rome, his allegience is broken bc antony's marriage is broken
• - WAR DECLARED ON CLEO

• - Octavian consul III
• - Octavian defeats Antony in naval battle in greece

• - antony and cleo comit suicide
• - egypt becomes a roman province

• - doors of temple of janus are closed
• - civil wars ended

• - census by oct and agrippa
• - princeps senatus is given to octavian
• - first man of the Senate

• - oct tries to give his powers back/
• - senate gives them and more to him
• - becomes augustus

- augustus gets tribunicia potestas

- aug granted more powers

celebration of secular games

pontifex maximus

pater patriae - father of the fatherland