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the input, storage, and retrieval of what has been learned or experienced
memory
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the transforming of information so that the nervous system can process it
encoding
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the process by which information is maintained over a period of time
storage
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the process of obtaining information that has been stored in memory
retrieval
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very brief memory storage immediately following initial stimulation of a receptor
sensory memory
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memory that is limited in capacity to about seven times and in duration by the subjects active rehearshal
short- term memory
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a system for remembering that involves repeating information to oneself without attemting to find meaning in it
maintenance rehearshal
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being able to remember the first four or five items in a list
primacy effect
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being able to remember the last four or five items in a list
recency effect
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knowledge of language. Including its rules, words, and meanings.
semantic memory
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chronologicval retention of events of one's life
episodic memory
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stored knowledge that can be called conciously as needed
declarative memory
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permanent storage of learned skills that does not require concious recollection
procedural memory
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memory retrieval in which a person identifies an object, idea, or situation as one he or she has or has not experienced before
recognition
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memory retrieval in which a person constructs previously learned material
recall
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the alteration of a recalled memory that may be simplified, enriched, or distorted, depending on an individuals experiences, attitudes, or inferences.
reconstructive processes
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the act of filling in memory gaps
confabulation
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conceptual framework a oerson has to make sense of the world
schemas
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the ability to remember with great accuracy visual information on the basis of short-term exposure
eidetic memory
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fading away of memory overtime
decay
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blockage of a memory by previous or subsequent memories or loss of a retrieval cue
inference
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the linking of new information to material that is already known
elaborative rehearsal
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techniques for using associations to memorize and retrieve information
mnemonic devices
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changing and reorganizing the information stored int eh memory to create new information
thinking
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a visual, mental representation of an event or object
image
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an abstract unit of thought that represents an object or quality, anything that stands for or represents something else
symbol
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a label for a class of objects or events that have at least one attribute in common
concept
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a representation example of a concept
prototype
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a statement of relation between two concepts
rule
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the awarness of or thinking one's own cognitive processes
metacognition
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a step by step procedure for solving a problem
algorithm
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a rule of thumn problem solving strategy
heuristic
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a habitual strategy or pattern of problem solving
mental set
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the inability to imagine new uses for familiar objects
functional fixedness
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the capacity to use information and or abilities in new and original ways
creativity
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the ability to overcome rigidty, to remain open to alternate strategies
flexible
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rearranging the elements of a problem to arrive at an original solution
recombination
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the apparent sudden realization of the solution to a problem
insight
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the expression of ideas through symbols and sounds that are arranged according to rules
language
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an individual sound that is a basic structural element of language
phoneme
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the smallest unit of meaning in a given language
morpheme
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language rules that govern how words can be combined to form meaniful phrases and sentences
syntax
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the study of how meaning in language
semantics
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an internal state that activates behavior and directs it toward a goal
motivation
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innate tendencies that determine behavior
instincts
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biological or psychological requirement of an organism
need
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state of tension produced by a need that motivates an organism toward a goal
drive
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the tendency of all organisms to correct imbalances and deviations from their normal states
homeostasis
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an external stimulus, reinforcer, or reward that motivates behavior
incentive
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enganging in activities that either reduce biological needs or help us obtain external incentives
extrinstic motivation
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enganging in activities because they are personally rewarding or because they fulfill our beliefs and expectations
intrinsic motivation
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the part of the hypothalmus that produces hunger signals
Lateral hypothalmus
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the part of the hypothalmus that can cause one to stop eating
ventromedial hypothalmus ( VMH)
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biological drives that must be satisfied to maintain life
fundamental needs
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the urge to belong and to give and receive love and the urge to acquire esteem
psychological needs
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the pursuit of knowledge and beauty or whatever else is required for realization of ones unique potential
self actualization needs
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set of complex reactions to stimuli involving subjective feelings physiological arousals and obervalble behavior
emotion
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