Endocrine System

located next to each kidney, the adrenal cortex secretes steroid hormones

regulate carbohydrate metabolism and salt water balance; some effect on sexual characteristics

affect sympathetic nervous system in stress response

affect sympathetic nervous system in stress response

located one on each side of the uterus in the female pelvis, functioning to secrete estrogen and progesterone

responsible for the development of female secondary sex characteristics and the regulation of reproduction

responsible for the development of female secondary sex characteristics and the regulation of reproduction

located behind the stomach in front of the first and second lumbar vertebrae, functioning to secrete insulin and glucagon

regulate carbohydrate/sugar metabolism

regulate carbohydrate/sugar metabolism

located on the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland in the neck, functioning to secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH)

regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism

located in the center of the brain, functioning to secrete melatonin and serotonin

exact function unknown; affects onset of puberty

a neurotransmitter that serves as the precursor to melatonin

located at the base of the brain, the anterior pituitary secretes thyroid-stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle-stimulting hormone, luteinizing hormone, melanocyte-stimulatinghormone, growth hormone, and prolactin; the posterior pituitary releases antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin

located one on each side within the scrotum in the male, functioning to secrete testosterone

affects masculinization and reproduction

located in front of the neck, functioning to secrete triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and calcitonin

protrusion of one or both eyeballs, often because of thyroid dysfunction or a tumor behind the eyeball

glucose (sugar) in the urine

shaggy; an excessive growth of hair especially in unusual places (e.g., a woman with a beard)

an abnormally high level of calcium in the blood

low blood sugar

an abnormally high level of potassium in the blood (kalium = potassium)

low level of sodium ions in the blood

abnormally increased secretion

presence of an abnormal amount of ketone bodies (acetone, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, and acetoacetic acid) in the blood and urine indicating an abnormal utilization of carbohydrates as seen in uncontrolled diabetes and starvation (keto = alter)

all chemical processes in the body that result in growth, generation of energy, elimination of waste, and other body functions

excessive thirst

excessive urination

collection of signs and symptoms caused by an excessive level of cortisol hormone from any cause, such as a result of excessive production by the adrenal gland (often caused by a tumor), or more commonly as a side effect of treatment with glucocorticoid (steroid) hormones such as prednisone for asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus or other inflammatory diseases; symptoms include upper body obesity, facial puffiness (moon-shaped appearance), hyperglycemia, weakness, thin and easily bruised skin with stria (stretch marks), hypertension, and osteoporosis

diabetes in which there is no beta cell production of insulin--the patient is dependent on insulin for survival

diabetes in which the body produces insulin, but not enough, or there is insulinresistance (a defective use of the insulin that is produced)--the patient usually is not dependent on insulin for survival

condition resulting from an excessive amount of insulin in the blood that draws sugar out of the bloodstream, resulting in hypoglycemia, fainting,and convulsions; often caused by an overdose of insulin or by a tumor of thepancreas

inflammation of the pancreas

hypersecretion of the parathyroid glands, usually caused by a tumor

disease characterized by enlarged features, especially the face and hands, caused by hypersecretion of the pituitary hormone after puberty, when normal bone growth has stopped; most often caused by a pituitary tumor

enlargement of the thyroid gland caused by thyroid dysfunction, tumor, lack of iodine in the diet, or inflammation (goiter = throat)

condition of hypersecretion of the thyroid gland characterized by exophthalmia, tachycardia, goiter, and tumor

condition of hypersecretion of the thyroid gland characterized by exophthalmia, tachycardia, goiter, and tumor

condition of hyposecretion of the thyroid gland causing low thyroid levels in theblood that result in sluggishness, slow pulse, and often obesity

advanced hypothyroidism in adults characterized by sluggishness, slow pulse, puffiness in the hands and face, and dry skin (myx = mucous)

measurement of the level of sugar (glucose) in the blood

measurement of blood sugar level after a fast of 12 hours

measurement of blood sugar level after a meal, commonly after 2 hours

measurement of the body's ability to metabolize carbohydrates by administering a prescribed amount of glucose after a fasting period, then measuring blood and urine for glucose levels every hour thereafter--usually for 4 to 6 hours

drug that raises blood glucose

agent that blocks the production of thyroid hormones; used to treat hyperthyroidism

drug that replaces a hormone deficiency (e.g., estrogen, testosterone, thyroid)

drug that lowers blood glucose (e.g., insulin)