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monoecious
male and female on the same plant
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dioecious
males and females are separate plants
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photosynthesis, "formula of life"
- 6 CO2 + 6 H2O-->light & chlorophyll-- > C6H12O + 6 O2glucose and oxygen
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4 ingredients and 2 products of photosynthesis
- 1. carbon dioxide
- 2. oxygen
- 3. light
- 4. chlorophyll
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Cation Exchange Capacity
a measure of a soils ability to retain fertility; the sum of exchangeable cations absorbed by a soil
as particles become smaller the soil has more surfaces available for chemical reaction to occur
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Rhyzobia
in legumes, a bacteria that fixes atmospheric nitrogen
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anything organic has a ________ backbone
carbon
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3 available sources of nitrogen
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3 structural elements
- C carbon
- H hydrogen
- O oxygen
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6 macro elements
- N nitrogen
- P phosphorus
- K potassium
- Ca calcium
- Mg magnesium
- S sulfur
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9 micro elements
- Fe iron
- Cu copper
- B boron
- Cl chlorine
- Ni nickle
- Mo molybdemum
- Mn manganese
- Co cobalt
- Zn zinc
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field capacity
maximum amount of water that a soil can hold against the force of gravity
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to lower soil pH; rapidly/slowly
- rapidly: add iron sulfate or aluminum sulfate
- slowly: soil sulfur
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to raise pH; rapidly/slowly
- rapidly: add hydrate lime (calcium hydroxate)
- slowly: add limestone (calcium carbonate) or dolomitic limestone
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3 mechanisms for water to travel up a plant:
- 1. root pressure
- 2. capillary action
- 3. transpirational pull
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mulching advantages 6
- cools soil
- discourages weeds
- esthetics
- keeps in moisture
- adds nutrients to soil as it breaks down
- keeps slugs/snails away
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pathogens
harmful organisms that attack plants, cause diseases
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biotic diseases (infectious diseases) sources
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abiotic diseases (noninfectious diseases) sourses
- nutritional problems
- air pollution
- extremes of heat/cold or wet/dry
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4 stages of plant diseases:
- Inoculation
- Penetration
- Infection
- Dissemination
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Phytophthora
Armillaria
Fusarium
Verticillium
Botrytis
Penicillium
Taphrina
Pythinium
Rhyzoctonia
fungi
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Agrobacterium
Corynebacterium
Erwinia
Pseudomonas
Streptomyces
Xanthomonas
Xylella
bacteria
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VFN resistent seeds
Verticillium, Fusarium, Nematodes
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incubation period
interval between inoculation and disease symptoms
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lichens
symbotic relationship between fungus and algae
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necrosis
killing of tissue
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three points to the plant disease triangle
- pathogen
- suseptible host
- favorable environment
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like a mosquito's "elephant trunk"
proboscis
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insects that exude honeydew
- S cales
- W hiteflies
- A phids
- M ealy bugs
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Bt, Bacillus thuringiensis
bacteria that interferes with chewing insects digestive system
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safe insecticides (botanical)
- pyrethrum
- pyrethrins
- rotenone
- sabadilla
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major methods of controlling insect pests -- 5
- legislative control: quarantines
- physical/mechanical control: handpicking, cardboard ot tar paper collars
- cultural control: planting pest resistant plants, rotating locations
- biological control: natural enemies is insects
- chemical control: insecticidal soaps, horticultural oils, botanical compounds
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horticulture
the industry and science of plant cultivation
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botany
the scientific study of plants, including their physiology, structure, genetics, ecology, distribution, classification, and economic importance
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totipotency
every cell has the potential to produce an entire plant
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preventing soil structure breakdown
- cultivate and plow soil at an intermediate moisture content
- avoid recompaction of freshly loosened or plowed soil
- reduce traffic, designate traffic areas
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ATP
an enzyme that transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism
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5 groups of plant hormones
- auxins
- gibberellins
- cytokinans
- ethylene
- abscisic acid
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where cell division takes place
meristem
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cambium layer
lateral meristem
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4 underground stems
- rhyzomes
- tuber
- corm
- bulb (sometimes overground)
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4 monocot characteristics
- vascular tissues scattered in stem
- flower parts in 3s or multiples
- leaf venation parallel
- seedlings with one seed leaf
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4 dicot characteristics
- vascular tissues circular pattern
- flower parts in 4s or 5s or multiples
- leaf venation branched
- seedlings with two seed leaves
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respiration
- the process in which chemical energy is obtained from the controlled biological breakdown of carbohydrates
- C6H12O6 + 6 O2 ------enzymes---> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy
- happens inside mitochondria
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Latin toxonomy
Genus species subspecies
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bulk density
evaluates the amount of air or pore space in a given soil
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