Anatomy

Comprised of Thalamus & Hypothalamus

Comprised of medulla, pons & midbrain

What comprises the protective coverings of the brain?

Meninges in the brain are the same as around the _____ ____

What are the three layers of meninges in the brain?

Continuation of spinal cord
Ascending sensory tracts
Descending motor tracts

What centre: force & rate of heart beat
diameter of blood vessels

What centre: medullary rhythmicity area sets basic rhythm of breathing

Ventral surface of Medulla Oblongata:
large motor tract
pyramids
decussation of most fibers

Left cortex controls ____ muscles

Nucleus gracilis
Nucleus cuneatus

What relays information to thalamus on opposite side of brain

White fiber tracts ascend and descend

Where is pontine nuclei located?

What does the middle cerebellar peduncles carry?

Superior and inferior colliculi
Extends from pons to diencephalon

Connects 3rd ventricle above to 4th ventricle below

Midbrain:
Helps controls subconscious muscle activity

Midbrain:
Contain descending axons from cerebral cortex

Surrounds 3rd ventricle
Superior part is thalamus
Inferior part is hypothalamus

Relays auditory and visual impulses, taste and somatic sensations
Receives impulses from cerebellum and basal ganglia

Dozen or so nuclei located ventral to thalamus

Controls autonomic functions-cardiorespiratory
Has direct and indirect influences on endocrine system

Plays an important role in emotions and behavior and learning and memory (anger, pleasure, feeding, drinking, and sleep)

Gray matter overlying white matter

Cerebrum:
Gyri

Cerebrum:
Sulci or fissures

What separates left and right cerebral hemispheres?

Band of white matter connecting left and right cerebral hemispheres

Each hemisphere is subdivided into ______

Control large automatic movements of skeletal muscles, such as those used for standing and walkin

Caudate, Putamen and Globus palladus

Medial fringe of brain, includes cortical and subcortical structures

Intense pleasure & intense pain

Limbic System:
What increases efficiency of memory?

Speech and language:
in frontal lobe
formulates words for speech

Speech and Language:
In temporal lobe
For interpretation of spoken word

Speech and language:
In Parietal lobe
For understanding written words

Speech and Language:
For writing

2 cerebellar hemispheres and vermis (central area)
Folia and fissures

Correct voluntary muscle contraction and posture based on sensory data from body about actual movements
Sense of equilibrium

Cerebellar Peduncles:
Carries sensory information from spinal cord

Cerebellar peduncles:
Carries input from cerebral cortex & basal ganglia

Cerebellar Peduncles:
Carries output to brain stem and thalamus

System of spaces filled with cerebrospinal fluid

80-150 ml (3-5oz)
Clear liquid containing glucose, proteins, & ions

Function: Floats brain & softens impact with bony walls

Function: Optimal ionic concentrations for action potentials

Function: Nutrients and waste products to and from bloodstream

Origin of CSF:
ependymal cells and capillaries

Origin of CSF:
What connects 3rd ventricle above to 4th ventricle below?

What allows CSF to exit from the interior of the brain?

Reabsorbed through arachnoid villi

Grapelike clusters of arachnoid penetrate dural venous sinus

What is the reabsorption rate, production rate?

Branches from circle of Willis on base of brain (internal carotid and vertebral arteries)

What penetrates tissue of brain?

Brain uses what percentage of our bodies oxygen & glucose needs?

What increases blood flow to an area in the brain?

How many minutes of 02 deprivation does permanent injury?

What happens after 4 minutes of O2 deprivation?

Protects cells from some toxins and pathogens

Can proteins and antibiotics pass through BBB?

Can alcohol and anesthetics pass through BBB?

Seal together endothelial cells, continuous basement membrane, astrocyte processes covering capillaries

What contributes to Circle of Willis (2)

Anastomotic network of arteries at base of brain

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

Most originate from the brain stem and pass through foramina in the skull

Cranial Nerve V

Muscles of mastication

Touch, pain, & temperature receptors of the face

Name the 3 sensory portions of the Trigeminal Nerve.