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Theological Argument (&darwin's challenge)
- formulated by Rev. William Paley
- Paley's View: Intelligent design is seen by creation of organisms, and these organisms must have been made by intelligent designer (God)
- Darwin's Rebuttal: Natural SELECTION can account for these well-adapted organisms, for mass extinction, and for unfavorable adaptation. We have a lot of flaws as humans, such as easy ability to choke if trachea becomes clogged
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Moral Argument (&darwin's challenge)
- St. Augustine's argument: Coexistance of evil w/omnipotent benevolent God.
- Augustine's Free-will defense claims that God allows EVIL to exist so humans have a free, moral choice b/w good & evil
- Darwin's Rebuttal: Long periods of evolution needed for adaptations with non-humans, including disease & suffering events. This is not justified by Free-will as these non-humans are presumed to NOT have a conscience.
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Darwin's Ideas and their progression from hypothesis (1859) to the 21st cent
- 1. Abiogenesis: hypothesis --> hypothesis (still speculative)
- 2. Evolution: hypothesis --> strongly supported for MACROevolution (ie from paper w/desert sunflower) and FACT w/microevolution
- 3. Common Descent: hypothesis --> moderately supported HYPOTHESIS for animals, plants and euk
- 4. Gradualism: hypothesis --> strongly supported HYPOTHESIS (ie w/horses from forest --> grass lands)
- 5. Population Change: Hypothesis (strongly supported) --> FACT for microevolution
- 6. Natural Selection: Theory --> ACCEPTED (paradigm) theory
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Fact and example
- Fact: single observation in space & time
- Example: Thomas Hunt Morgan observed 1st white eyed fly in Drosophilia species
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Hypothesis and example
- Hypothesis: data based inference- makes testable predictions in time & space
- example: Thomas Morgan predicted inheritance of white eyed males are more abundant than in white eyed females (showing x linked) ..leading to a theory
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Theory and example
- Theory: Abstract model to explain cause of temporal observation
- Example: Thomas Morgan's theory of sex-linked inheritance w/white eyed frequency in Drosophilia females vs males
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Truth and exmple
- Truth: Eternal, abstract model which may or may not have real-world application
- Example of real world app: Pythagorrean theory of right triangles
- Example of non-real world app: Euclid's 5th postulate that parallel lines never intersect
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Anagenesis
- (1 ancestor --> 1 descendent)
- Non-branching: Entire parental species evolves into a SINGLE new species
- ie horses: Grazing Merychippus (grass) evolved from Parahippus
- Darwin thought this was more common than Cladogenesis
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Cladogenesis
- (1 ancestor --> 2 descendents)
- Subpopulation of parental species evolves, while ancestor species still exists
- ie bears: Polar bear evolved from brown bear in Russian peninsula
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Adaptive Radiation
- (1 ancestor --> 3 or more descendents)
- Several subpopulations of parental species evolve into new species
- ie finches: Galapagos finches feeeding on seeds (ground finches), some feeding on insects (tree finches) ..total of 16 diff evolved from Caribbean type
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