Bio nutrition, metabolism and enzymes

provides nutrients and energy - essential for life

components in food that the body needs to grow, develop and repair itself

the ability to do work, including building complex molecules

• nutrients that organisms must ingest in large amounts to maintain health
• proteins
• carbs
• fats

• nutrients that organisms must ingest in small amounts to maintain health
• vitamins
• minerals

• animal products - more protein per gram relative to carbs
• plant products - more carbs relative to protein

• breaks larger molecules down into smaller subunits by a series of chemical reactions to break the bonds that hold food molecules together
• proteins > amino acids which are ultimately assembled into new proteins that have many different functions in the body
• carbohydrates > simple sugars which are used to build cell-surface markers and energy-storage molecules
• fats > fatty acids and glycerol, which provide the building blocks to form cell membranes
• nucleic acids (NOT macronutrients cuz they are provided in small amounts) > nucleotides

those that are essential because our cells cannot synthesize them from smaller building blocks and must be obtained from our diet

8 amino acids the human body cannot synthesize and must obtain from food

making and breaking chemical bonds in metabolic reactions

process of chemical change

molecule that enters a reaction

the molecule remaining at the end of a reaction

the energy required for a chemical reaction to proceed

chemical reactions require energy, enzymes accelerate reactions by reducing their activation energy

• protein that speeds up the rate of chemical reactions
• (think of enzyme additions to cheese making to make the milk curdle faster)

compound or molecule that an enzyme binds to and on which it acts

• the part of the enzyme that binds to substrates
• each enzyme is made so that its active site fits only one particular substrate molecule or molecules

an inorganic substance required to activate an enzyme (zinc, copper, iron)

small organic molecule required to activate an enzyme (vitamins)

• all biochemical reactions occurring in an organism
• includes catabolic and anabolic reactions

• any chemical reaction that breaks down complex molecules into simpler molecules
• release energy by breaking bonds

• any chemical reaction that combines simple molecules to build more complex molecules
• require energy to build complex molecules

• polysaccharide
• carbohydrate made of many simple sugars linked together (starch, glycogen)

• monosaccharide
• carbohydrate made up of a single sugar subunit

• complex plant carb made of linked chains of glucose molecules
• source of stored energy

complex animal carb made of linked chains of glucose molecules

complex plant carbohydrate that is not digestible by humans