-
Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier
Proposed that COMBUSTION of organic molecules (O2 and carbs) used same reactants & generated same products (CO2 and H20) as AEROBIC respiration in animals
-
Jons Jakob Berlins
- 1. Established present-day NOMENCLATURE for chem. ELEMENTS
- 2. Described essential FXN of ENZYME (substrates continuously consumed, products continuously produced, enzyme LEVELS stay SAME)
-
Louis Pasteur
- 1. Described 1st known pair of STEREOISOMERS
- 2. 1st metabolic rxns w/out OXYGEN (anaerobic fermentation)
- 3. GERM theory of disease
-
Hans & Eduard Buchner
Discovered that cell-free extracts of yeast contain ENZYMES which CATALYZE anaerobic fermentation
-
Emil Fischer
- 1. Proposed ALL ENZYMES are PROTEINS
- 2. All proteins made of AMINO ACIDS
- 3. All enzymes have SPECIFICITY for their substrates
-
Wiliam Henry Bragg & William Laurence Bragg
- Invented X-Ray spectrometer to ID broken leg
- Showed Regular spacing of ATOMS in crystalline molecules (ie: protein & DNA)
-
Hermann Standinger
- 1st to suggest very high weight organic molecules (macromolecules) are SYNTHESIZED from smaller units
- All org. composed of macromolecules
-
Theodor Svedberg
- Invented ULTRACENTRIFUGE
- demonstrated Proteins were of HIGH molecular weight
-
Fredrick Griffith
Discovered a transforming principle could change R-strain (rough) Pneumococci into VIRULENT S-strain (smooth)
-
Warren Weaver
- Formulated rules for machine-based translation of languages
- coined term MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
-
Linus Pauling (1939)
Analysis of chem bonds for 1st PROTEIN models to be constructed (including a helices & b sheets)...from quantum mechanics (#s)
-
Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, Maclyn McCarty
- Discovered transforming principle in Strep. pneumoniae was made of DNA (not lipids, pro or carb)
- DNA transformed R-strain --> S-strain
- Discovered Nucleic acids were 1st genetic material
-
Salvador Luria & Max Delbruck
Bacteria resistance in E-coli resulted from pre-existing MUTATIONS
-
George Beadle & Edward Tatum
Mutations in bread mold were associated w/Enzyme change, leading to the 1 gene...1 enzyme model
-
Josh Lederberg
- 1st Evidence of recombination in E. coli - allowed for Gene MAPPING in bac
- can get conjugation of cells, not equal sharing of DNA as w/euk.
-
Erwin Chargoff (1950)
A=T & G=C (Chargoff's rule)
-
Frederick Sanger (1951)
Determined AA Seq of INSULIN & used Dideoxy method for DNA
-
Alfred Hershey & Martha Chase (1952)
- 32P transmitted from T4 parental virus to offspring (thru E. coli host cels, but NOT 35S.
- SHOWED DNA was the GENETIC material
- Used sulfur & Phosphorous to trace by labelling P32 (phosphorous), which incorporated into DNA but NOT protein
- 35S incorporated into PROTEIN but NOT DNA
-
Watson, Crick, Wilkins, Franklin, Donohue, Griffith (1953)
- 1st proposed Double helix structure of DNA
- Crystallography photoraphs of DNA (showed A & B DNA forms)
- Purine & pyrimidine base chemistry @ diff pH conditions
-
Harold Ureg & Stanley Miller (1953)
- Amino acids could form from the following: H2, NH3, CH4 with boiling H20 & electric sparks
- (showed organic compounds formed from early earth conditions)
-
Arthur Kornberg
- Discovered DNA poly I by tracing THYMIDINE in E coli and seeing a 'BUBBLE' during replication
- Showed replication was bi-directional
-
Matt Meselson & Frank Stahl
- Showed DNA replication was SEMI-CONSERVATIVE
- Made the PERFECT experiment, showing N15 isotope & N14 isotopes for each DNA strand of F1 (parental was 2 N15)
-
Andrew Luoff, Jacob, Monod, Pardee (1959)
- Operon model of gene regulation of LACTOSE metabolism
- Lysogenic viruses could PREVENT enzyme synthesis w/out alterine enzymes in E. coli
-
Max Perutz, John Kendrew (1959)
1st crystallography of HEMOglobin & MYOglobin: verified presence of 'a helicies' & 'b sheets' (Pauling's earlier hypoth)
-
Marshall Nirenberg, Matthuei (1961)
- put lots of uracils on RNA...led to finding the mRNA TRIPLET nucleotide code
- Determined if you know the RNA sequence, you CAN determine AA sequence...but NOT the other way around
-
Reiji & Tsuneko Okazaki
- Demonstrated (using H-thymidine) that DNA replication in E. coli was SEMI-DISCONTINUOUS
- Leading and lagging strand DNA fragments appeared on SDS PAGE gel when looking at the labelled thymidine
-
Motoo Kimura (1968)
Used Wright's model to argue NON-SELECTIVE forces account for most genetic VARIABILITY
-
David Baltimore & Howard Jemin (1970)
- Discovered REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE violated central dogma
- Allowed RNA to be reverse transcribed to DNA
-
Paul Berg (1972)
Used RESTRICTION enzymes for recombining DNA of 2 different SPECIES
-
Tom Cech & Sidney Altman
1st to discover CATALYTIC RNA
-
Harry Noller
- If proteins removed & only Ribosomal RNA, the RNA (rRNA) acted to form peptide bonds b/w molecules and ACT AS ENZYMES
- carries out catalytic activity of peptide bond formation
-
Kary Mullis (1983)
- 1st to DEVELOP PCR for in vitro amplification fo DNA
- Taq polymerase found to use as it doesn't degrade at high temps
-
Jack Szostak (1983)
- Constructed yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) w/telomeres & a centromere
- argued in a paper that 1st organisms were HETEROTROPHIC vs AUTOTROPHIC
|
|