-
How does a flower have different thermal conditions?
- Petals of flower reflect sun to warm up middle of flower.
- Heated up warmer than air to attract ectothermic insects.
- Then gets pollinated
-
Air vs. soil temperature fluctuation
Air temperature fluctuated more than soil temperature
-
How does color affect temperature?
- Black sand absorbs all wavelengths of visible light
- White sand reflects all wavelengths of visible light
-
Latent heat of evaporation
Latent heat of fusion
- Requires an "x"amount of heat to evaporate an "x" amount of sweat
- Requires an "x" amount of heat to melt an"x" amount of water
- When going the opposite way of chart, shows how much heat is released
-
Stream/aquatic temperatures
- Riparian vegetation influences stream temperature by providing shade
- Riffles have broader range of temp. than pools because it is in contact with the air more
- Angle range(temp.) is less in aquatic than terrestrial(lakes are cooler than air because it is sweating)
-
Acclimation
- Physiological changes in response to temperature.
- An organism will change their temp. toleration over a lifetime. Organisms housed in cold/warm temp. perform better in those temperatures. ADAPTIONS
-
How do temperatures affect photosynthesis?
Extreme temperatures usually reduce rates of photosynthesis
-
Hs=Hm+or-Hcd+or-Hcv+or-Hr-He
- Hs=Total heat stored in an organism
- Hm=Gained via metabolism, large in endodermic small in ectothermic
- Hcd=Gained/lost via conduction, heat transfer via direct contact High-->low heat
- Hcv=Gained/lost via convection, aquatic to water terrestrial to air
- Hr=Gained/lost via electromag. radiation, lose if we are warmer than environment
- He=Lost via evaporation
- Hc=Heat of condensation, add water to warm
-
Heat exchange pathways with plants
- Hm=photosynthesis(metabolism)
- Hr=gained&lost by radiation
- He=lost by evaporation of water
- Hcv=gained/lost of convection of wind
- Hcd=gained/lost by soil or ground, depends if a lot of the plant is underground
-
Poikilotherms
Ectotherms
Endotherms
Homeotherms
- Body temp. varies
- Rely mainly on external energy sources
- Rely heavily on metabolic energy
- Maintains constant internal environment
-
Temperature regulation by plants
- Hs=Hcd+or-Hcv+or-Hr
- Desert plants must reduce heat storage
- To avoid heating must decrease heating via conduction, increase convective cooling, reduce radiative heating
- Low stems on bottom to reduce conductive heating
-
Temperature regulation by desert plants
- Low conductive heat gain from ground
- High convective heat loss to wind, open growth and small leaves increase exposure
- Highly reflective leaves and parallel leaves reduce heat gain by radiation
-
Plant type vs. temperature
- Cushion plants have a temperature far above air temperature(a lot of plant in contact with ground&revealed to sun)
- Open willows temperature matches air temperature
-
Ectothermic animals
- Lizard=preferred temp. matches maximized metabolic energy temp. Also basks in the sun
- Grasshoppers can change pigmentation for radiative heating
-
Endothermic animals
- Thermal neutral zone=temps. where metabolic rate of a homeothermic animal doesn't change
- Gets heat from metabolism
- Birds=Doesn't have to change metabolic rate because of thermal neutral zone
- Shivering=Elevating metabolic levels to generate more heat
-
Thermal neutral zones
- Humans=super narrow
- Chart shows at which temp. mammals have to alter metabolic rate
- Sea otters have high metabolism, consumes 25% of body weight everyday
-
Concurrent heat exchange
- Some fish are endothermic(lots of swimming muscle&lots of blood vessels that are concurrent heat exchangers)
- Heat flows from warm incoming blood to cool returning blood due to Hcd and Hcv
- Heat flows from veins to arteries due to Hcd and Hcv
-
Temperature regulation by thermogenic plants
- Almost all plants are poikilothermic
- Skunk cabbage stores starch in large root then transfers to inflorescence to metabolize&generate heat(respiration)
- Snow is melted by Hr, Hcd, and Hm.
-
Surviving extreme temperatures
- Inactivity=seek shelter
- Reduce metabolic rate=Hummingbirds enter torpor when food is scarce&night temps are extreme, not all endotherms are homeotherms
- Hibernation=winter
- Estivation=summer
- Extremelophiles=be completely inactive in too hot/cold weather
-
Relative humidity
- Water vapor density x100=Saturation of water vapor density
Relative humidity decreases with higher temps.
-
Vapor pressure deficit
- WVP-SWVP
- Water vapor pressure=partial pressure due to water vapor
- Saturation water vapor pressure=pressure exerted by water vapor in air saturated by water
- Greater VPD=more evaporation
- In florida, WVP&SWVP is high, so VPD is low
-
Evaporative water loss
- High VPD=water vapor content is below saturation
- High VPD=rate of evaporative water loss is high, water concentration gradient is steep
-
Water movement in aquatic environments
- Water moves down concentration gradient(more conc. in freshwater than in oceans)
- Osmosis=diffusion of water through semi-permeable membrane, high to low concentration
-
Isomotic
- Body fluids and external fluid are at the same concentration
- Starfish
-
Hypo-osmotic
- Body fluids are at a higher concentration of water.
- Lower solutes than external environment
- Net movement of water going out fish
-
Hyper-osmotic
- Body fluids are at a lower concentration of water
- Higher solutes than the external environment
- Net movement of water going in fish
-
Water Potential
- Matric forces=water's tendency to adhere to container walls
- Evaporation from leaf creates negative pressure
- Water potential in plant<water potential in soil
- Water potential of zero=pure
- High to low potential
-
Water regulation on land of animals
- Wia=Wd+Wf+Wa-We-Ws
- Wia=animal's internal water
- Wd=drinking
- Wf=food, direct water
- Wa=absorbed by air, small b/c we lose more through evaporation
- We=evaporation, humans lose a lot(sweat)
- Ws=secretion/excretion, urine
-
Osmoregulation by marine organisms
- Marine organism lose water to environment, salt tends to diffuse into body, salt glands and urine and gills gets rid of it.
- Fish drinks lots of water to compensate for water loss by diffusion
-
Osmoregulation by freshwater organisms
- Water diffuses into fish
- Take in salts with food&gills
- Excretes water in large amounts in urine
-
What are deep sea organisms
invertebrates, which means they are poikilotherms, homeotherms, and ectotherms
-
When water freezes, heat is released
TRUE
-
Under what conditions do people survive extended periods of submergence?
falling into pond water
-
Can something that lacks water and metabolism be considered living?
yes, seeds or ferry shrimps
-
How does a cicada survive in the hot desert?s
- sweating, evaporative cooling
- Poikilotherms
-
Hot, dry heat is most likely referred to..
heat of vaporization
-
Water regulation with frogs/animals
- Gains water by food and drinking, metabolism through oxidation of glucose
- C6H12O6 + 6O2-->6CO2 + 6H2O
- Loss by evaporation
- Gain by absorption
- Loss by secretion
-
Water regulation in kangaroo rats
- Can obtain all water from just food, no drinking
- Most water loss through evaporation
- Moderate water loss=secretions
- Water intake=water losses
- Has adaptions to minimize water loss(efficient kidneys=conc. urine, membranes in nose=collects condensed air)
-
Location of animal vs. water losses
- Water losses vary, depending on where the animal lives.
- Turtles in dry areas lose less water compared to turtles in ponds, who lose a lot of water.
-
Water regulation of plants
- Wip=Wr +Wa -Wt -Ws
- Wip= Plant’s internal water
- Wr =Roots, shallow roots in water deep roots in dry
- Wa=Air
- Wt = Transpiration
- Ws = Secretions
-
Structure of plant affects water regulation
- Wind transports heat&water away from plants
- Some absorption with leaves in moist air
- Gain water through roots
- Lose through transpiration&evaporation
- Sometimes secretes water w/ nectar
- Leaf can wilt to reduce sunlight&reduce transpiration
-
Camels and water storage
Does not store water in humps
-
Why don't plants have as many water conservation methods as animals?
Not mobile
-
How do cacti conserve water
Large chambers and deep roots
-
What is the largest use of water by colorado?
irrigation
-
Water regulation by camels
- Reduce heat gain by facing into the sun
- Takes in massive amounts of water
- Hump has fat, that is a source of metabolic water
- Dense hair reduces heat gain
- Reduce evaporative water loss by not sweating and allowing body temp to rise
-
Cicada and body temp
- Body temp. is below air temp.
- Placed in a chamber with 100% humidity and body temp. raises
- Body temp. falls back below air temp. in initial chamber
-
Energy sources
- Autotrophs=use inorganic as sources of carbon and energy.
- Photo(CO2&sunlight) plants=photons
- chemo(inorganic molecules) use energy released when CO2 is released from minerals
- Heterotrophs=use organic molecules
- All organism get energy from fixed carbon
-
Trophics&organisms
- prokaryotes-hetero, photo, chemo
- protists- hetero, photo
- plants-photo(protists, sea fans are hetero&photo)
- fungi-hetero(mistletoe)
- animals-hetero(sea slugs, eats chlorophyll&becomes photosynthetic)
-
PAR
- Photosynthetically active radiation
- Wavelengths of photosynthesis range that plants can use
- 10% reflected back out, 79% canopy absorbs, 7% middle canopy, 2% lowest area
- Trees adapted to grow taller
-
C3 photosynthesis
- Mesophyll cells
- Stomata opens, CO2 enters, then reduced
- RuBP is a 5 carbon chain that joins with CO2
- First product is a 3-carbon molecule
- Cycle goes around 6 times
- Rubisco=abundant enzyme that drives this rxn
- Final product is glucose/sugar can be combined to form starch
-
C4 photosynthesis
- corn, competitive in high light environments, prairies
- CO2 diffuse inside leaf through stomata
- In mesophyll, CO2 used to carboxylate PIP, produces four carbons
- Few stomata need to be open
- C4 diffuses to bundle sheath cell, breaks down to pyruvate and CO2
- CO2 in bundle sheath combines with RuBP to form PGA, glucose
- Pyruvate goes back to bundle sheath cell to form PEP and starts cycle again
-
CAM photosynthesis
- similar to C4 in biochemistry
- takes place at night
- combines PEP with CO2 to form four carbon acids
- C4 acids synthesized at night break down during the day to pyruvate and CO2
- CO2 combines with RuBP to form PGA
- Pyruvate converted to PEP, combines with CO2 and starts cycle again
-
Feeding methods of heterotrophs
- Herbivores
- Carnivores
- Detritivores
-
C-N ratio in organisms
- High C:N ratio shows plants are rich in carbon and poor in nitrogen
- Low C:N ratios show animals, bacteria, and fungi are rich in nitrogen
- Starch, sugar, cellulose=carbon
- Proteins=nitrogen(soybeans&legumes)
-
C:N ratio in parts of plants
- Woody tissues of pine trunks and branches have high C:N ratios, rich in carbon poor in nitrogen
- C:N ratio of pine needles is lower and similar to herbaceous plants in forest understory
- Termites convert wood to protein
-
Temperature forests vs. Tropical forests
- Tropical forests have greater diversity, so more herbivoric pressure, need chemical defenses
- Secondary metabolites=not used in photosynthesis/respiration
-
Detritivores
- consume food rich in carbon and energy, but poor iin nitrogen
- protects food/resources
-
Carnivores
- Consume nutritionally rich prey
- Cannot choose prey at will because of prey defenses
- Eliminates more conspicuous(less adaptive) prey
-
Prey defenses
- Aposomatic cooling=warning colors. warning colors, bright, flashy
- Mullerian mimicry=nasty, banding, black&orange, costs, dies after stinging
- Batesian mimicry=has mimic, but not harmful, not contributing to cost
-
Optimal foraging theory
- If energy supplies are limited, organisms cannot simultaneously maximize all life functions
- Must compromise between competing demands for resources(principle of allocation)
- Eat most abundant, beneficial, and least harmful meal
-
Feeding preferences
- is the plant structurally suitable?
- is it chemically suitable?
- is it nutritious?
-
Optimal foraging by plants
- limited supplies of energy for allocation to leaves, stems, and roots
- plants adjust allocation so that all resources are equally limited(bloom)
- allocates growth to increase rate of acquisition of resources in shortest supply
-
Structures of plants and foraging
- Shoots=light
- Roots=nutrients and water
- Acquires resources by matching light with nutrients
- If light is limited, allocate nutrients to shoots
- If water is limited, allocate resources to roots
|
|
