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Memory code
The format (physical, phonemic, semantic) of information encoded into memory
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Auditory Memory Span
Number of items recalled from short term memory following an auditory presentation of the items
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Orienting tasks
Instructions to focus on a particular aspect (physical, phonemic, semantic) of a stimulus
pronunciation or its meaning
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levels of processing
a theory that proposes that "deeper" (semantic) levels of processing enhance memory
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Maintenance rehearsal
rehearsal that keeps information active in STM
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Incidental learning task
A task that requires people to make judgments about stimuli without knowing that they will later be tested on their recall of the stimuli
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Primary Associates
words that are strongly associated with each other, as typically measured by asking people to provide associations to words
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clustering
percentage of occasions in which a word is followed by its primary associate during the free recall of words
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structural coding
a memory code that emphasizes the physical structure of the stimulus
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phonemic coding
a memory code that emphasizes the pronunciation of the stimulus
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semantic coding
a memory code based on the meaning of the stimulus
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cued recall
recall that occurs with hints or cues such providing the questions asked during the judgment phase of a task
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non-cued recall
recall that occurs without hints or cues provided by the experimenter
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imprecise elaboration
provision or generation of additional material unrelated to remembered material
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precise elaboration
provision or generation of additional material closely related to remembered material
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self-generation
generation of items by participants in an experiment, rather than the provision of these items by the experimenter
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distinctive item
an item different in appearance or meaning from other items
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primary distinctiveness
an item distinct from other items in the immediate context
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secondary distictiveness
an item distinct from items stored in long term memory
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emotional distinctiveness
items that produce an intense emotional reaction
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flashbulb memory
a memory of an important event that caused an emotional reaction
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Encoding specificity principle
a theory that states that the effectiveness of a retrieval cue depends on how well it relates to the initial encoding of an item
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mood-dependent memory
memory that is improved when people are tested under conditions that re-create their mood when they learn the material
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transfer-appropriate processing
encoding material in a manner related to how the material will be used later
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Processing Distinctiveness
creation of a memory code that makes that memory distinct from other memories
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Problem-oriented acquistion
Encoding material in a manner that is helpful for its later use in solving problems
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Fact-oriented acquisition
Encoding material in a manner that emphasizes factual knowledge without emphasizing its application
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Orthographically Distinctiveness
lowercase words that have an unusual shape
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