hematology final

Cell with irregular, long, asymmetrical projections; s

Variation in size of RBC's

Small aggregates of RNA are seen as small blue dots in the RBC

Elongated, elliptical cell; non-specific when occasionally seen; rare disorder of hereditary elliptocytosis

Precipitated Hgb seen as a perimembranous blue dot only after supravital staining

Small, round deeply basophilic nuclear remnant; seen when spleen is absent

Multiple, tiny iron containing granular blue dots; seen when spleen is absent and with iron overload

Variation in shape of RBC's

Small, round dense cell without central pallor; suggests extravascular (splenic) hemolysis in previously normal persons; with hereditary spherocytosis there is increased osmotic fragility

Fragmented, irregularly shaped seen with intravascular hemolysis such as microangiopathic hemolytic anemias (DIC, TTP). A variant called a "helmet cell" appears cut in half

Curved, banana-shaped cell with pointed ends found in sickle cell disease from aggregation of Hgb S

Cell with central and peripheral staining with intervening pallor due to increased redundancy of RBC membrane; seen with liver disease, in some thalassemias, and with Hgb C

Cell pinched at one end, prominent in myelofibrosis and myelophthisic conditions

in response to bacterial infection or inflammatory disease

in response to allergic disorders, inflammation of the skin, and parasitic infections

increase in cases of leukemia, chronic inflammation, the presence of a hypersensitivity

increase in cases of viral infection, leukemia, cancer of the bone marrow,

in response to infection of all kinds

(10-12 um diameter)

larger than PMNs 12-17 um diameter

0.5% of the WBCs are difficult to find. They are 10-12 um diameter

the largest WBC 14-20 um diameter

small (2-5 um) fragments of cytoplasm detached from Megakaryocytes in the bone marrow.

both small (slightly larger than an Rbc 7-8 um) and medium to large (up to 12 um

The process responsible for the replacement of circulating cells, governed by multiple cytokines

When two cells derived from the same precursor take a separate route of development

Mature ,Incapable of mitosis

Granulocytes, erythroid cells, monocytes, megakaryocytes

Granulocytes, monocytes

Megakaryocytes

self renewal

Common lymphoid progenitor cell (CLP), Common myeloid progenitor cell (CMP)

T and B cells, natural killer cells, lymphoid dendritic cells

Neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, erythrocytes, megakaryocytes

Most are produced by stromal cells in the hematopoietic microenvironment

• Granulocyte stimulating factor (G-CSF)
• Monocyte stimulating factor (M-CSF)
• Erythropoietin (EPO) – erythrocytes

BFU-E, Regulated by IL-3, GM-CSF

CFU-E- Depends primarily on EPO

Composed of-Collagen,Glycoproteins,Glycosaminoglycans

PCs can interact with only some types of ECM components

pass through the vessel walls.

Newborns and adults

developed by physicians

provided by interdisciplinary health care team

reflex testing

55%

45%

chose there own health care

for defined population per member fee

fixed amount for services

MPP

CLP and CMP

CFU- GM, GEMM, EMk

BFU-E and BFU-Mk

CFU E and Mk

CFU-GM

growth factors

cell survival

14 days

7 to 8 days and depends on EPO

lymphocytes

CFU-E

act on one or more cell type

EPO

delivery of O2 from lungs to the tissues and transfer of CO2 from tissues to lungs

7-8 µm,80-100 fl

2.2 L of rbcs 100-120 days

1st progenitor committed to RBC line

high concentration of EPO receptors

5-7 days maturing in BM

Matures in 2-3 days, first 1-2 days spent in BM, remainder in circulation

Rubriblast

20-25 µm, fine chromatin (“lacy” appearance, 1-3 faint nucleoli

8-32 mature RBCs

deeply blue (basophilic)

Prorubricyte

16-18 µm

chromatin is coarser than the Pronormoblast

wheel-spoke appearance

Rubricyte

12-15 µm

gray-blue cytoplasm

chromatin irregular and coarsely clumped, shrinking nucleus

Rubricyte

Metarubricyte

10-15 µm

1/4 of the cell, chromatin heavily condensed

pink or salmon color with hint of blue

7-10 µm

Reticulocyte

Zeta potential

12.0 – 16.0 g/dL

14.0 – 17.4 g/dL

13.5 – 20.0 g/dL

1

1

4

• Gower I (ζ2ε2), Gower II (α2ε2),
• Portland (ζ2y2)

HbA (α2β2) 97%, HbA2 (α2δ2) 2.5%

p50 increased O2 affinity has decreased

p50 is decreased, O2 affinity has increased

Hb has the ferric Fe3+

anemia, cardiac or pulmonary disorders, abnormal hemoglobins,high altitude

90% extravascularly 10% intravascularly

Occurs in the macrophages of *spleen, liver, BM

nonspecific defense mechanism, neutrophil, monocyte, macrophage

antigen-specific response initiated in lymphoid tissue à contact with lymphocytes

renal glycoprotein

3,000-10,000

Assemble amino acids into protein Free and Fixed

Packages proteins, forms lysosomes

unwound and loosely twsisted Transcriptionally active

Transcriptionally inactive

An immature cell transcriptionally active

apoptosis

yes

no

apoptosis

apoptosis

synthezing and assembly of proteins.

Ribosomes

smooth ER

reflex testing

necrosis

Apoptosis

light beam on to sample

Logarithimic

after which the cell no longer depends on extracellular signals

Mitosis

S

G₀

time between the completion of S and the onset of mitosis G₂

The time between the end of mitosis and the next round of DNA replication G1

Fibrinogen

Prothrombin

Tissue factor

Calcium

ProACCELERIN labile

proconvertin stable factor

Antihemolytic factor

Plasma thromboplastin component, christmas factor

Stuart factor

Plasma thromboplastin antecedent

Hageman factor

Fibrin stabilizing factor

TF (III) and Calcium

XII, XI, IX, VIII, PK, HK

TF (III) not normally found in blood, VII

X, V, II, I

Prothrombin, Proconvertin, plasma thromboplastin (christmas), Stuart

proteins C, S and Z

All synthesized by liver, all factors but prothrombin found in serum.

• Thrombin sensitive clotting factors(activated by thrombin)
• I, V, VIII, XIII
• Not found in serum consumed during clotting

XII, PK, HK

negatively charged surfaces, found in serum, also involved in fibrinolysis

TF, V, VIII, HK, protein S

• serine XIIa, XIa, Xa, IXa, VIIa, IIa
• transgluta.. XIIIa

Fibrinogen

Hemophilia A, gene on X chromosome

VVF

endothelial cells and megakaryocytes

mediates adhesion of platelets to vessel wall

Liver

thrombin cleavage of fibrinogen into a fibrin monomer, polymeraization of monors to polymers, stabilization of fibrin polymers XIIIa

Self renewal, commitment CLP,CMP, apoptosis

hydrophobic tails, hydrophilic heads

• formation of hemostatic plug
• convert fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin

Blood vessels, platelets, soluble plasma proteins

procoagulant

Anticoagulant

formation of platelet plug

Reinforcement of platelet plug

Venules and arterioles

promotes platelet adhesion, activatges coagulation factors initiatng both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways, inhibits fibrinolysis

Megakaryoblast, promegakaryocyte, granular megakaryocyte, mature magakaryocyte

Double DNA content without division nuclear division or cell division

BM and 1000-3000 platelets

Thrombopoietin, cytokines

9-12 days, removed by spleen and liver

Circulate, 1/3 stays in spleen.

resting, discoid

Round and sticky.

VWF

the granules to activate platelets from resting state

agranular

still visible and primary granules in cytoplasm

not visible and secondary granules dawn of neutrophilia, last stage of mitosis

kidneyben shaped,

Barr body

4.5-11.0 x 10^9/L

Monoblast, promonocyte, monocyte, macrophage

secondary granules

promyelocyte

mu

Interleukin-3 (IL-3), GM-CSF and G-CSF

• Mitotic pool – 3-6 days, 4-5 cell division
• Myeloblasts, promyelocytes, myelocytes

5-7 days, Metamyelocytes, bands, segs, 3 times the size of mitotic pool

7.5

1.8 - 7 x 10(9)/L

18 hours, several weeks

allergic disease, parasitic infection or chronic inflammation

eosinophils

Asthma and only hours

54 hours in BM, 8 hours in PB

long lived

%

whole WBC + diff % would be 0.54