-
syntax
- the order of words in a sentence, clause or a phrase
- order of words affect the meaning of the entire sentence
-
Phrase
- -
- a group of related words
- -
- eg – In the middle of London
-
Clause
- -
- a group of related words containing a subject (noun)
- and a predicate (verb)
-
Independent
(main) clause
- -
- clauses that convey the entire thought and is a
- sentence on its own
- -
- eg – he ran a fast race
-
Subordinate
(dependent) clause
- -
- clauses that is part of another sentence and cannot
- stand on its own
- -
- relative clauses and adverbial clauses
-
Relative
clause
- -
- a clause that describes a noun it is related to
- -
- always introduced by a relative pronoun (who, which,
- that, where)
- -
- eg – The man [who did the painting] is over
- there.
-
adverbial clause
- -
- clauses that answer the questions how, when, where and
- why
- -
- eg – As she entered the room, the girl screamed
- because she saw a ghost.
- -
- As she entered the room: subordinate and adverbial
- clause
- -
- Because she saw a ghost: adverbial clause
-
Subject
- -
- the person or thing performing the verb
- -
- eg – The cat ate the rat
-
Predicate
- -
- tells us what is the subject doing, or what has
- happened to the subject
- -
- eg – Adam lives in China.
- -
- Eg – The girls in our office are experienced
- instructors
-
-
Compound
sentences
- -
- Made up of 2 or more simple sentences combined with a
- conjunction or separated by a comma, semi colon or colon
- -
- Eg – He eats because
- he is hungry
-
Complex
sentences
- -
- Made up of a independent and one or more relative
- subordinate clauses
-
Ellipsis
- -
- Omission of words from a sentence because the meaning
- is implied
Eg – [Have you] Got it?
-
Sentence
types (4)
- -
- Declarative: statements
- -
- Imperative: commands or requests
- -
- Exlamative: expresses strong feelings
- -
- Interrogative: questions
-
Intransitive
verb
- -
- A verb with no direct object
- -
- The cook watched while they sung
- -
- Every single person voted
-
Transitive
verb
- -
- A verb with a direct object
- -
- The audience watched the last episode of House
- attentively
-
Ditransitive
verb
- -
- A verb with a direct object and an indirect object
??
-
Content
words
- Open class words
- nouns: john, room
- adjectives: happy, new, large
- full verbs: search, grow, hold, have
- adverbs: really, completely, very, also, enough
- numerals: one, thousand, first
- interjections: eh, urgh, phew, well
- yes/no answers: yes no (as answers)
-
function words
- closed class words
- prepositions: of, at, in, without, between
- pronouns: he, they, anybody, it
- determiners: the, a, that, my, their, more, either, neither
- conjunctions: and, that, because, also, yet, while, or
- modal verbs: can, must, will, should, ought, need, used
- auxillary verbs: be, is, am, have, got, do,
- particles: no, not, nor, as
-
passive voice
- the subject is receiving the action
- the man was stabbed by James
-
active voice
- the subject is doing the action
- the man stabbed James
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