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lexicology
the study of words
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word class
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- A group of words, from a grammatical point of view,
- behave in the same way
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Open class words
- Readily accepts new members
- Nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs are open class
- words
- Eg – modem, slamdunk, google
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nouns
- Words that name things (dogs) or concepts (love)
- All nouns take the same inflections
- Eg – plural inflections (s)
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verbs
- Action words
- Something we do (run)
- Something we feel (love)
- Same inflections (past/future tense)
- ‘to do’ is also a verb, seen in different forms:
- Is, are,
- were, was, will be
- Expresses a state of being
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adverbs
- describing verbs
- quickly, slowly
- same inflections (ly)
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adjectives
- desribing nouns
- eg - red, nation
- same inflections (al) national
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closed class words
- do not admit new members
- prepositions, conjunctions, determiners, pronouns
- grammatical glue, holds a sentence together
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prepositions
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- Words that sit before a noun (or pronoun) to show the
- noun’s relationship to another word in a sentence
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- Words that specify place, direction and time
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- Place prepositions: on, at, in
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- Time prepositions: during, while, at, in
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- Direction prepositions: under, over, right, left
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Conjuctions
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- A word used to connect words, phrases or clauses
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- Co-ordinate conjunctions: join like with like (and,
- or, but)
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- Correlative conjunctions: used in pairs to join
- alternatives or equal elements (either/or, neither/nor, not only/but also)
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Subordinate
conjuctions
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- To join subordinate clause to main clauses (although,
- until, because, since, unless, while
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Determiners
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- Indefinite articles (a, an)
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- Definite articles (the)
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- Demonstratives (this, that, these)
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- Quantifiers (all, few, many)
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- Possessive determiners (mine, yours, theirs, ours –
- possessive pronouns)
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ellipsis
- omission of words or phrasese that are not required given the circumstances
- eg - coming? - are you coming?
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