Unit 7 Lilley Chpt 39

dependent killing – A property of some antibiotics, especially aminoglycosides, whereby achieving a relatively high plasma drug concentration, even if briefly, results in the most effective bacterial kill (compare time-dependent killing)

A group of beta-lactamase enzymes produced by some organisms that make the organism resistant to all beta-lactam antibiotics (penicillins and cephalosporins) and aztreonam. Patients infected by such organisms must be in contact isolation, and
proper hand washing is key to preventing the spread of the infections

an enzyme first found in isolates of the bacterium Klebsiella pneumonia that renders the organism resistant to all carbapenem antibiotics as well as beta-lactam antibiotics and monobactams. Such organisms produce a very serious resistant infection

a strain of staphylococcus aureus that is resistant to the beta-lactamase penicillin known as methicillin. Originally, the abbreviation MRSA referred exclusively to methiciliin-resistant S. aureus. It is now used more commonly to refer to strains of S. aureus that are resistant to several drug classes, and therefore, depending on the context or health facility, it may also stand for “multidrug-resistant
S. aureus

one millionth of a gram. Be careful not to confuse with milligram (one thousandth of a gram), which is a thousand times greater than 1 microgram. Confusion of these two units sometimes results in drug dosage errors

A laboratory measure of the lowest concentration of a drug needed to kill a certain standardized amount
of bacteria

bacteria that are resistant to one or more classes of antimicrobial drugs. These include multidrug resistant Staphylococcus aureus, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing organisms, and Klebsiella pneumoniae Carbapenemase-producing organisms

toxicity to the kidneys, often drug induced
and manifesting as compromised renal function

toxicity to the ears, often drug induced and manifesting as varying degrees of hearing loss that is more likely to be permanent than the impaired renal function resulting from nephrotoxicity

a period of continued bacterial suppression that occurs after brief exposure to certain antibiotic drug
classes, especially aminoglycosides and carbapenems

a necrotizing inflammatory bowel condition that is often associated with antibiotic therapy. Some antibiotics (e.g. clindamycin) are more likely to produce it than others. A more general term that is also used is antibiotic-associated colitis

drug interaction in which the bacterial killing effect of two antibiotics given together is greater than the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone

ongoing monitoring of plasma drug concentrations and dosage adjustment based on these values as well as other laboratory indicators such as kidney and liver function test results; it is often carried out by a pharmacist in collaboration with medical, nursing, and laboratory staff

a property of most antibiotic classes whereby prolonged high plasma drug concentrations are required for effective bacterial kill

Enterococcus species that are resistant to beta-lacam antibiotics and vancomycin. Most commonly refers to Enterococcus faecium