Unit 7 Lilley Chpt 2

are drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs with similar actions is equivalent to the sum of the individual
effects of the same drugs given alone. For example, 1+1 =2 (compare to the synergistic effects)

is any undesirable occurrence related to administrating or failing to administer a prescribed medication

is any unexpected, unintended, undesired, or excessive response to a medication given at therapeutic dosage (as opposed to overdose)

is a general term for any undesirable effect that are a direct response to one or more drugs

is a drug that binds to and stimulates the activity of one or more receptors in the body

is an immunologic hypersensitivity of a patient to a particular medication; a type of adverse drug event

is a drug that binds to and inhibits the activity of one or more receptors in the body. They are also called
inhibitors

is a drug interaction in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs is less than the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs
give alone (1+1 = less than 2); it is usually caused by an antagonizing (blocking or reducing) effect of one drug on another

is a measure of the extent of drug absorption for a drug and route (from 0% to 100%)

is one or more biochemical reaction involving a parent drug. It occurs mainly in the liver and produces a metabolite that is either inactive or active. (aka metabolism)

is a barrier system that restricts the passage of various chemicals and microscopic entities (e.g., bacteria, viruses) between the bloodstream and the central nervous system. It still allows for the passage of essential substances such as oxygen

is the name that describes the chemical composition and molecular structure of a drug

is any condition, especially one related to a disease state or other patient characteristic, including current or recent drug therapy, that renders a particular form of treatment improper or undesirable

is a general name for a large class of enzymes that play a significant role in drug metabolism

is a state in which there is a compulsive or chronic need, as for a drug

is the process by which solid forms of drugs disintegrate in the gastrointestinal tract and become soluble before being absorbed into the circulation

is any chemical that affects the physiologic processes of a living organism

is the cellular processes involved in the interaction between a drug and body cells (e.g., the action of a drug on a receptor protein)

are the physiologic reactions of the body to a drug. They can be therapeutic or toxic and describe how the function of the body is affected as a whole by the drug. The terms onset, peak, and duration are used to describe drug effects (most often referring to therapeutic effects)

is the development of congenital anomalies or defects in the developing fetus caused by the toxic effects of drugs

alteration in the pharmacologic activity of a given drug caused by the presence of one or more additional drugs; it is usually related to effects on the enzymes required for metabolism of the involved drugs

the length of time the concentration of a drug in the bold or tissues is sufficient to elicit a response

protein molecules that catalyze one or more of a variety of biochemical reactions, including those related to the bodies own physiologic processes as
well as those related to drug metabolism

the initial metabolism in the liver of a drug absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract before the drug reaches systemic circulation through the bloodstream

the name given to a drug by the United States adopted names council. Also called the nonproprietary name. The generic name is much shorter and simpler than the chemical name and is not protected by trademark

in pharmacokinetics, the time required for half of an administered dose of drug to be eliminated by the body or the time it takes for the blood level of a drug to be reduced by 50% (also called elimination half-life)

an abnormal and unexpected response to a medication, other than an allergic reaction, that is peculiar to an individual patient

the characteristic that causes two parenteral drugs or solutions to undergo a reaction when mixed or given together that results in the chemical deterioration of at least one of the drugs

within a joint (eg intraarticular injections)

within a sheath (eg the theca of the spinal cord, as in an intrathecal injection into the subarachnoid space)

any preventable adverse drug event involving inappropriate medication use by a patient or health care professional; it may or may not cause patient
harm

the prescribing, dispensing, and administering of medications, and the monitoring of their effects

a chemical form of a drug that is the product of one or more biochemical (metabolic) reaction involving the parent drug

are those that have pharmacologic activity of their own, even if the parent drug is inactive

lack pharmacologic activity and are simple drug waste products awaiting excretion from the body (eg via the urinary, gastrointestinal, or respiratory tract)

the time required for a drug to elicit a therapeutic response after dosing

the chemical form of a drug that is administered before it is metabolized by the body’s biochemical
reactions into its active or inactive metabolites

A parent drug that is not pharmacologically active itself is called a

A parent drug that is not pharmacologically active itself is called a prodrug. A prodrug is then metabolized to pharmacologically

the time required for a drug to reach its maximum therapeutic response in the body

the maximum concentration of a drug in the body after administration, usually measured in a blood sample for therapeutic drug monitoring

the science of preparing and dispensing drugs, including dosage from design

the study of the biochemical and physiologic interactions of drugs and their sites of activity. It examines the physicochemical properties of drugs and their pharmacologic interactions with body receptors

the study of the influence of genetic factors on drug response, including the nature of genetic aberrations that results in the absence, overabundance, or insufficiency of drug-metabolizing enzymes

the study of drugs that are obtained from natural plant and animal sources

the rate of drug distribution among various body compartments after a drug has entered the body. It includes the phases of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs

the broadest term for the study or science of drugs

the treatment of pathologic conditions through the use of drugs

an inactive drug dosage form that is converted to an active metabolite by various biochemical reactions once it is inside the body

a molecular structure within or on the outer surface of a cell. They bind specific substances (eg drug
molecules), and one or more corresponding cellular effects (drug actions) occurs as a result of this drug-receptor interaction

the physiologic state in which the amount of drug removed via elimination is equal to the amount of drug absorbed with each dose

substances (eg drugs or natural biochemical in the body) on which enzymes act

drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs with similar actions is greater than the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone. For example
1+1 is greater than 2 (compared with additive effects)

the process of measuring drug peak and trough levels to gauge the level of a patient’s drug exposure and allow adjustment of dosages with the goals of maximizing therapeutic effects and minimizing toxicity

the desired or intended effect of a particular medication

the ratio between the toxic and therapeutic concentrations of a drug

reduced response to a drug after prolonged use

the quality of being poisonous (ie injurious to health or dangerous to life)

the condition of producing adverse bodily effects due to poisonous qualities

the study of poisons, including toxic drug effects and applicable treatment

the commercial name given to a drug product by its manufacturer; also called the proprietary name

the lowest concentration of drug reached in the body after it falls from its peak level, usually measured in a blood sample for therapeutic drug monitoring