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Kennel cough complex
- aka infectious tracheobronchitis
- generally self-limiting - 7-10 days will get over it, similar to a cold
- mildly zoonotic, esp in immune compromised individuals - eg AIDS, kids w/ asthma, very young/old
- highly contagious among animals
- may affect cats, guinea pigs and rabbits
- severity of disease dependent on individual patient's immune status
- can progress to pneumonia
- - need to see them to assess this
- wash hands after handling sick animal
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Kennel cough complex etiology
- not one, but a complex
- need all 3 of following to get disease:
- - infectious
- - environmental
- - individual
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Kennel cough complex etiology infectious factor
- usually present in all animals
- CAV-2
- Parainfluenza
- Bordatella bronchiseptica
- - Gram(-) bacteria
- - normal inhabitant of respiratory tract
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Kennel cough complex etiology environmental factor
- particulate matter
- eg fall -leaf debris; spring - salt dust
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Kennel cough complex etiology individual factor
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Kennel cough complex etiology factors in kenneled dogs
- stress - slightly lower immune function
- cleanliness - particulate matter
- lets infectious agents take hold, eg opportunistic bacteria
- the more the animal coughs, the more the infection takes hold
- barking at kennel irritates trachea & helps infection take hold
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Kennel cough complex symptoms
- cough
- - non-productive
- - honking - sounds like a goose
- fever
- - sometimes
- - low grade
- lethargy - tired from coughing
- inappetance
- variable
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Kennel cough complex diagnosis
- history
- - kenneling
- - grooming
- - high particulate count
- physical exam
- - sensitive trachea
- -- prees lightly and animal will start coughing
- imaging - x-ray
- - bronchial pattern
- laboratory
- - elevated WBC - 15k-17k (normal is 12k, parvo 4k)
- new vet may do more tests
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Kennel cough complex treatment
- antibiotics - broad spectrum - to prevent pneumonia
- Glucocorticosteroids - control inflammation
- Anti-tussives (cough suppressants) for non-productive cough
- - Robitussin
- - warm honey
- - narcotic
- -- hycodan
- -- butorphanol
- -- codeine
- expectorant for productive cough
- bronchiodilators
- - terbutaline
- - aminophylline
- self-limiting disease - 7-10 days for respiratory tree to heal, so may cough for another 5-7 days
- as long as they're coughing, they're contagious
- young animal
- - antibiotic
- - antitussive
- - will get better
- older animal
- - COPD - add bronchiodilator
- - anti-inflammatory
- - steroid
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Kennel cough complex complications
- secondary bacterial pneumonia
- - severe prodctive cough
- - high fever - 104ish
- - cyanosis - can't perspire so will turn blue
- - anorexia - stop eating as it is harder to breath with a full stomach
- - life threatening
- - if start to struggle during x-ray, do dorsal ventral instead of ventral dorsal
- - no way to predict which patient will do well and which one won't
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Kennel cough complex prevention
- injectable vaccine
- - 2 injections 3 weeks apart, then yearly
- intranasal
- - avirulent live
- -- not able to multiply
- -- not dangerous
- - efficacy is low - approx 75%
- - duration - < 6 months
- - vaccine induced cough
- helps with symptoms, makes it less severe
- boarding kennels
- - most insist on Bordatella
- - takes 7-10 days to respond to vaccine, but kennels don't care if it's same day
- this vaccine not used properly, only 6 months efficacy, but only given yearly
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Canine influenza (CIV)
- aka Canine infectious respiratory disease (CIRD)
- emerging disease
- first described in 2004
- highly contagious
- - aerosol
- - fomites - anything cough droplets land on is contagious
- not zoontic
- acquired in communal settings - eg dog parks
- potential for epidemic spread
- 20% progress to severe disease and die
- - most are immunilogically naive
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Canine influenza etiology
- influenza A subtype H3N8
- - mutant strain of equine influenza (horse racing virus)
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Canine influenza symptoms
- very similar to kennel cough
- - differential is that influenza spreads rapidly
- symptoms progress rapidly from cough to life threatening pneumonia
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Canine influenza diagnosis
- based on symptoms
- progression
- nasal swabs
- - early on
- - there is a test for it
- titers - no titer if there has been no diagnosis
- acute/peracute symptoms - comes on rapidly & progresses to termination in a short time
- naive population - die in 24 hours
- fine in AM, near death in PM
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Canine influenza treatment
- supportive care
- - fluids - making mucus makes you dehydrated
- - oxygen - cage
- antibiotics for secondary infections
- bronchiodilators
- expectorants
- - dextromethorphan - Robitussin D
- - guaifenesin
- cough suppressant
- progression is short
- - either they respond or die
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Canine influenza prevention
- good hygeine
- - for dog and human
- - should have a system to know when clean vs unclean
- - kennel environments
- - shelters
- - wash hands between EVERY animal
- immunization
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Canine influenza immunization
- killed virus
- 2 doses 2-4 weeks apart
- non-core vaccine
- - depends on population
- not every dog needs this
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Canine brucellosis
- Brucella
- - Abortus - cattle (contaminates milk supply) and horses
- - Canis - dogs
- - Suis - pigs
- - Ovis - sheep
- - Melitensi - sheep and goats
- - Neotome - wood rats (aka pack rats)
- very uncommon illness - Dr K has not seen in 30 years of practice
- intermediate in etiology
- intracytoplasmic, intracellular
- - virus gets into cell & hijacks DNA
- - not many treatments can get this far into cell
- - most bacteria on surface of cell, easier to treat - eg lepto, bordatella
- - usually will get sick, then better, then sick, then better, etc
- gram negative
- cross reactive
- - get antibodies but not disease from other species
- - dog drinks from puddle that wood rat w/ bucellosis urinated in, will test positive for brucellosis, need to test further for Brucellosis Canis
- no cross immunity
- aka Malta fever, Undulant fever
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Canine brucellosis zoonosis
- humans can get any form (from any species)
- will render humans infertile
- considered a bioterrorism agent - Homeland Security gets involved
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Canine brucellosis natural resevoirs
- deer
- elk
- bison
- buffalo
- wild swine - probably in the South
- this is important for livestock - contaminates milk supply
- makes it almost impossible to eradicate
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Canine brucellosis transmission
- you need to wear gloves, glasses, mask
- ingestion of:
- - fetal membranes - late gestation abortion
- - uterine disharges
- - milk
- - urine
- trans membrane
- - skin and mucous membrane contact with body fluids of infected animals
- - any break will let it in and you will get sick
- venereal disease
- - spread when breed
- - most dairy farms don't do natural insemination
- - with artificial insemination (AI), test semen 1st (generally blood test, but can test semen, too)
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Canine brucellosis clinical signs in the male
- orchitis
- - brucellosis is the 1st thing you think of with this symptom
- - testes are red, hot, swollen, painful
- lumbar discospondylosis
- - disk looks fuzzy on x-ray
- - lumbar - caudal spine
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Canine brucellosis clinical signs in the female
- breeding failure
- - often takes 2-3 failures before the owner thinks something is wrong
- sontaneous abortion in 3rd trimester - 45-50 days into gestation
- dead feti - full ter
- retained placentas
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Canine brucellosis diagnosis
- screening tests
- - rapid slide agglutination
- - in house
- - indicates exposure to any species of Brucellosis
- definitive diagnosis
- - RSAT positive
- - sample to Cornell for canis specific testing
- - 2-ME TAT - 2-mercaptoethanol tube agglutination test
- - AGID - agar gel immunodiffusion
- - if positive, state gets involved => public health concern
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Canine brucellosis treatment
- euthanasia - recommended as it is a public health risk
- antibiotic therapy
- - quarantine until cleared
- - combination of penicillin and amino glycosides (IV drugs, like Genosen (sp?), gentamicin)
- - public health concern
- - 18-24 months of therapy
- - no further breeding - fertility is greatly reduced
- - culture blood and urine monthly until 3 consecutive months clean, then retest in 3 months
- - dogs will be contagious until they test clear
- - developed for line of Thomas Jefferson's fox hounds
- -- whole line had it
- -- very valuable dogs
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Canine brucellosis prevention
- no vaccine available for digs
- pre-breeding screening
- - only way to control it
- - both male and female
- - every breeding - within 1 month
- vaccine exists for cattle
- - called strain 19
- - vaccinated once as calf
- - every year, every cow is checked for brucella titer
- - very narrow vaccination window, so titer is predictable throughout the cow's life
- - if one cow has it, entire herd is destroyed
- - will also be in farm pond, will dissipate over time
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Disease reporting - International
- World Health Organization (WHO)
- - part of UN
- - if there is evidence of epidemic disease in US, gets reported here
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Disease reporting - National
- Center for Disease Control (CDC)
- - state may contact
- - part of Department of Health and Human Services
- - divided into 6 coordinating centers
- -- Environmental Health and Injury Prevention
- -- Health and Information Services
- -- Health Promotion
- -- Infectious Disease - generally, we're involved here
- -- Global Health
- -- Terrorism
- --- preparedness and emergency response
- --- if brucellosis, involved here
- - works in coordination with State and local government to contain and control public health issues in the US
- -- eg Louisiana 20 years ag screw worm in flocks of sheep, CDC released irradiated sterile flies to contain it
- - CDC also coordinates with WHO on issues of global concern
- -- eg avian flu increase in cases in Mexico City - WHO tracks it, CDC is informed, tells State Dept, they issue travel advisory
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Disease reporting - State
- Department of Public Health
- - run public health labs
- - if local can't help, try here
- - local health inspectors report confirmed disease here
- Department of Agriculture
- - Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) may be involved
- -- brucellosis
- -- tuberculosis
- -- federally accredited vet may get involved through APHIS
- - once disease is verified at State level information is transmitted to CDC
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Disease reporting - local
- health inspector (HI)
- - could be Animal HI, public HI, board of health
- - most of the time, this is who we talk to
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Veterinarian's role in disease reporting
- first line of defense
- index of suspicion
- knowledge of reportable diseases
- - rabies
- - screw worm
- -- kind of aggressive maggot that eats live tissue
- -- generally maggots only eat dead tissue
- - brucellosis
- - tuberculosis
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Reportable disease - Endemic
- present in a community at all times
- low frequency
- eg common cold in NE in winter
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Reportable disease - Epidemic
affecting large numbers in a community in a short period of time
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Reportable disease - Pandemic
- wide spread epidemic - world wide
- eg 1917-18 Spanish flu
- - acutally originated in Kansas in Army processing facility getting kids ready for war
- - last one
- - 100s of 1000s of people died in US
- - public functions suspended to limit spread
- - permanent neurologic effects
- - exposed in AM could be dead by bedtime
- - most victims 18-35 years old
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