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Parvo
- Etiology - Canine Parvo virus
- transmission - oral fecal route
- prognosis - grave - 90% fatal; if survive permanent damage to intestines, eg chronic soft stool
- related to feline panleukopenia
- first isolated 1978
- likes rapidly growing cells
- kills intestinal cells, then goes to WBC
- primarily disease of juveniles
- bimodal - see symptoms go away, then see more
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Parvo diagnosis
- presentation
- physical exam
- laboratory exam
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Parvo diagnosis - presentation
- depression - usually must be carried into vet
- lethargy
- anorexia
- vomiting - transient for about 24 hours, then act better
- bloody diarrhea - 24 hours after vomiting; smells worse than anything you can imagine
- dehydration - severe and rapid
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Parvo diagnosis - physical exam
- fever
- depression
- dehydration
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Parvo diagnosis - laboratory exam
- CBC - low WBC; normal 10,000 - 15,000; parvo can get to about 500
- Profile - hypoglycemia - around 60
- ELISA - +parvo
- Serology - high titer
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Parvo treatment options
- symptomatic care
- - fluids
- - plasma
- - antibiotics
- - lymphokines (made by T-cels) - white cell stimulating factor; shots about $700-$1500 each & need multiple
- - supportive care - all in isolation - catheter gets infected very easily
- - takes 4-7 days to tell whether they will live or not
- euthanasia
- even with excellent care there is 75% mortality rate & will cost thousands of dollars
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Parvo prevention
- Vaccination
- - modified live
- - CPV 154 (most common in combo vax) vs CPV 2A (KF11) (higher titering vax for puppies to create greater immune response)
- extended maternal immunity - can cause vax failure as maternal antibodies respond and puppy doesn't make any/many in response to vax
- parvo has mutated enough that even vaccinated dogs are getting it
- breed sensitivity to parvo rottweilers at 10-18 months
- different schedule and even diferent vax for different localities
- stays in environment for 6 months, so no new pets for 6 months
- - bleach/disinfect regularly for 6 months ALL surfaces, toys, etc
- - shed virus for 5-7 days before symptomatic and 30 days after recovery
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Canine corona virus
- canine viral diarrhea
- puppies - almost never adults
- crowded conditions - shelters, pet stores, puppy mills, etc
- transmission - oral fecal - implies poor hygiene
- highly contagious
- prognosis - good
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Corona virus
- Corona = crown
- affects many species
- - cat - infectious peritonitis (FIP)
- - pigs - atrophic rhinitis
- - humans - bronchitis (SARS)
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Canine corona virus presentation
- causes a bloody diarrhea
- acute onset of both vomiting and diarrhea at same time, unlike parvo - terrifies clients
- diarrhea is foamy and may be blooy (tinged)
- if you have had bronchitis and cough on dog, it will titer for corona virus, so titers not useful
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Canine corona virus diagnosis - rule out
- parvo
- HGE - hemorrhagic gastroenteritis
- - massive dehydration
- - prognosis good with fluids & antibiotics
- - usually old dogs
- - bloody diarrhea, like raspberry jelly
- foreign body
- other causes of bloody diarrhea
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Canine corona virus diagnosis
- presentation - vomiting concurrent with diarrhea
- lab results
- - WBC - not extremely low
- - no hypoglycemia
- - parvo snap (-) or sent out sample (usually get back in morning)
- still isolate if hospitalized
- don't smell like parvo dogs
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Canine corona virus treatment
- supportive care
- - fluids
- - antibiotics
- prognosis - good
- - if hydration is maintained, animal should recover in 3-5 days
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Canine corona virus
- prevention
- - vaccination in susceptible populations - shelter, pet store, etc
- - 8, 12, 16 weeks
- - killed
- - single or combination products
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Canine Adeno viruses
- CAV-1 and CAV-2
- they are like cousins
- look alike to immune system, although symptoms are different
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Canine Adeno viruses - CAV-1
- Canine infectious hepatitis
- highly contagious
- most infections asymptomatic - 99% of the time
- shed in urine for up to 9 months
- Dr Komisar has seen 1 case in 30 years
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Canine Adeno viruses - CAV-1 symptoms
- fine one day, sick the next
- acute liver failure characterized by:
- - petecchia - hemorrhages at capillary level
- - ecchymoses - blood vessels so fragile animal bruises with normal touch
- - DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulpathy)
- -- is an end stage process
- -- liver makes clotting proteins for blood
- -- when liver fails, proteins are not replaced
- -- platelets step up to the job
- -- when platelets are used up, nothing to stop the bleeding
- general symptoms of liver disease
- - anorexia
- - inappetance
- - jaundice
- - vomiting/diarrhea
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Canine Adeno viruses - CAV-1 diagnosis
diagnosis is by exclusion
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Canine Adeno viruses - CAV-1 treatment
- supportive
- - good nursing
- - fluids
- - antibiotics
- - antiemetics
- - antidiarrheals
- - plasma
- - transfusions
- euthanasia
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Canine Adeno viruses - CAV-1 prognosis
grave for symptomatic dogs
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Canine Adeno virus - CAV-2
- part of the kennel cough complex - damages respiratory lining so Bordatella can get a hold
- may be a normal inhabitant of the respiratory tree
- normally immune system and respiratory flora keep it in check
- opportunistic pathogen
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Canine Adeno virus - CAV-2 clinical signs
- dry hacking cough
- +- fever
- +- lethargy
- +- inappetance
- get really tired from coughing all the time
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Canine Adeno virus prevention
- modified live vaccine
- - CAV-1 only
- - CAV-2 only
- - CAV 1+2 both
- vaccine reaction
- - hepatitis "blue eye" (blindness) - will resolve in 4-6 weeks; can be one or both eyes
- - associated with CAV-1 vaccine
- - CAV-2 is cross protective
- DHLPP - traditionally has both
- DA2LPP - has only CAV-2
- need to be careful when ordering
- CAV-1 virus is the one that makes you really sick
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Leptospirosis
- lepto - slender, delicate
- spira - spiral
- bacteria - spirochete - makes more serious vax reactions
- transmission - ingestion of organism, usually through contaminated water source
- shed through urine
- etiology - Leptospira interrogans
- zoonotic disease
- wide range of natural resevoirs including - raccoons, rats, and aquatic mammals (seals)
- multiple strains cause a variety of symptoms - not cross protective
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Strains
also called serovars, variants, or valances
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Leptospirosis - common serovars in US
- Ictohemorrhagia
- Canicola
- Pomona
- Grippotyphosa
- Bratislava
- actually 27 strains - multivalent vax available
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Leptospirosis clinical signs
two phases: initial phase and secondary phase
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Leptospirosis clinical signs - Initial phase
- 2-20 days after exposure
- lethargy
- fever
- anorexia
- +- vomiting
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Leptospirosis clinical signs - secondary phase
- occurs shortly (24-48 hours) after initial symptoms subside
- jaundice
- abdominal pain
- back pain - try to bite when petted
- acute renal failure
- some strains go to liver 1st, affect liver then go to kidney; some go to kidney 1st
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Leptospirosis diagnosis
- rule out other causes of acute liver/kidney disease
- lab values show damage to liver and kidneys, but are not diagnostic
- serology necessary for diagnosis - 4 fold increase over a 4 week period
- - or try to culture lepto in urine (but hard to culture)
- - animal doesn't necessarily have 4 weeks
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Leptospirosis treatment
- euthanize
- expensive and log
- significant risk to all humans who contact animal for up to 3 months (even after over acute phase)
- - waste is biohazard
- supportive care
- antibiotics
- - penicillin and doxycycline - usually 8 weeks, stop for 2, culture blood and urine; if growth, treat for another 8 weeks
- - blood and/or urine culture to make sure infection is cleared
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Leptospirosis prevention
- multivalent bacterin - bivalent, trivalent, tetravalent
- alone or combined with DHLPP
- immunization may contribute to carrier state
- - vax & exposed - can be infected and subclinical (no symptoms)
- bacterin may cause significant vaccine reactions
- - Cocker Spaniels may tend to have more
- immunization needs to be every year
- separate vaccine - contains 4 serovars - Canicola, ictohemorrhagia, grippotyphosa, pomona
- combination vaccines
- - bivalent - canicola, ictohemorrhagia
- - multivalent (Fort Dodge - durammune max 5/4L = DAAPP and 4 strains of lepto)
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Leptospirosis vaccine reactions
- angioneurotic edema
- - swelling head
- - 4-8 hours post vax
- - emergency - can progress to oropharynx
- - treat with prednisone shot or benadryl and watch
- urticaria
- - hives
- - itching like crazy
- - 4-6 hours post vax
- - not life threatening
- - benadryl
- - can progress to angioneurotic edema/anaphylaxis
- need to chart reactions
- if vax needed again after reaction, give premed: have owner bring in for the day
- - benadryl
- - wait 1 hour
- - give shot
- - watch the rest of the day for reactions
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