-
nuclur lamina
- on nuclur side
- net like array of protein fillaments
- maintains shape of nucleus
-
What composes the mitochondrial membranes?
Phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins
-
Biosphere
environments innsbited by life
-
ecosystem
all living components of an area
-
Solution
solvent
solute
- Solution complete homogenous mixture ie. salt water
- Solvent disolving solute ie. water
- Solule substance being disolved ie. salt
-
Above __ degrees C water acts like other liqids
4 degrees C, below acts opposite
-
What are the classifications for life?
- Domain
- Kingdom
- Phylum
- Class
- Order
- Family
- Genus
- Species
-
Hydrophillic
hass an affinity for water, relativly polar bonds
-
Scanning electron microscope
Focus a beam onto surface of a specimen, looks 3D
-
Transmission electron microscopes
Beam of electrons through a specimen, look at internsl struture of cells
-
T/F the nucleur envelope. SER and RER are all connected?
True
-
Pyrimine
- SIngle ring nitrogenous base
- cytosine, thymine, uracil
-
What does antiparellel refer to in respect to a DNA strand
- The strands runing opposing directions
- 3'-----> 5'
- 5'-----> 3'
- complimentery!
-
What is the difference between deoxyribose and ribose?
RIbose has an extra O making an extra OH group
-
pore complex
- inatricate protein structre
- lines each layer of the nucleurenvelope
- regulates entry exit of proteins and RNAs.
-
system biology
investigating now changes in one more variables affect other components
-
Function of ER
- Metabolic processes
- synthesize lipid
- metabolism of carbs
- detox of drugs and poison
- storage of calcium ions
-
T/F somebody bells can use phagocytosis
- True- white
- macrophages- white blood cell
-
4 major stages that led to cell production
- 1. synthesis of small organic moleculs
- 2. joining of small molecules to macro
- 3. packageing into proto-cells )droplets withiut membranes)
- 4. origin of self replicating molecules
-
will hydrophobic or hydrophillc molecule pass through the membrane easier
hydrophobic
-
what is signal transduction
- shape of receptor fits chemical messenger
- message relayed inside cell
-
what are the chricteristics of a basic amino acids (R group)
-
what are the functions of membrane proteins
- transportation
- some act as enzymes
- messengers
- cell recognition
- attachment to extracellular matrix
-
What is selective permeablity based on
- polarity
- size
- transport proteins
-
What is the phenamenon of the membranes ability to maintain constant refered to as
Homeo- viscus adaptation
-
What do membranes do to maintain consistency as temp increases
increase temp. fluidity increases therefore more saturated FAS are added
-
Hydroxyl
- OH-
- alchonals
- polar
- hydrogen bonds
-
Amino
- Acts as a base
- can pick up H+
- make amino acids
-
why is water polar
Oxygen has stronger attraction for electrons
-
Nucleic Acid
macromolecules formed from dolymers called polynucleotides
-
T/F Chromosomes make uo chromatin
False Chromatin makes up chromosomes
-
Fimbrae
attatchment structures in a prokaryotic cell
-
What are the common features of all cells
- Plasma membrane
- cytosol
- cheomosomes
- ribosomes
-
What does adenine bond with
thymine
-
what are the two types of nucleic acids
RNA, DNA
-
Nucleolis
- Dense granules and fibres adjoining the chromatin
- where ribosomes synthesized
- proteins imported and assembled in large or small ribosomal sub units
-
CIS vs. trans face.
- CIS- vesicles can bond from ER
- trans- vesicles that pinch off to other sites
-
Who created amino acids from a primitive soup of early earth
millers 1953 experiment H2, CH4, NH3 and electricity
-
Capsule
- jelly like outer coating
- sticks to surface
- protects from dehydration
-
What is a nucleotide
- composed of a:
- nitrogen base
- five carbon sugar
- phoshate group
-
What are the characteristics of a polar amino acid
- S, O, N in R variable group
- OH, SH, NH2
-
what are the flattened membranous stacks of the Golgi apparatus called
Cistamae
-
Plastid, what are the types
- chloroplast
- amyloplast
- chromoplast
-
What is a punne
- Double ringed nitrogenous base
- adenine
- guanine
-
What is a structural isomer
differnt covalent arrangments of their atoms
-
cisisomer
transisomer
- cisisomer- tnox's are on the same side
- transisomer- two x's are an opposite side s
-
Geometric Isomers
same covalent arranngment, but different spatial arrangment
-
Endomembrane system compnents
- nucleur envelope
- ER
- Golgi
- lysosome
- vesicles
- vacuoles
- plasma membrane
-
isomer
same molecular formula, but different arrangments of an atom
-
organic chemistery
chemistery of carbon containing compounds
-
acid
base
- an acid donates a proton to a solution increase H+ concent-ration
- accepts a proton from the solution H+ decreases
-
specific heat of water? Ethenol?
- water--> 1
- Ethanol --> 6
- specific heat= (cal/g/dergees C)
-
water has a ____ specific heat
high (amount of heat that has to be applied to water to change temp)
-
wicking
water moving by capillary action
-
stroma
fluid outside thylakaids which contains DNA, ribosomes
-
Thylakoids
- Flattened, interconnected sacs in hloroplasts
- stacked like poker chips in granums
-
mitochondrial matrix
- enclosed by inner membrane contains
- enzymes
- DNA
- ribosomes
- enzymes catalyze cellular respraion, ATP enzyme built into wall
-
what are the infolding of the inner mitochondrial membrane called
cristae
-
-
phosphate
- confers
- negative charge to molecules
- reacts within water releasing energy
- ATP
-
emergent properties
lower levels are not always predictive not always perdictive of higher levels
-
Cells
Tissue
- cell- fundemental unit of life
- Tissue- groups of similar cells that make up organs
-
peroxisome function
- oxygen breaks down FA to sned to mitochondria
- detoxify posons to O
-
genomics
Studying whole sets of genes of a species as well as comparing genomes.
-
genomics
studying whole sets of genes of a species as well as comparing genames
-
protobion
Abiotically created molecule with in a membrane created by adding lipid to water
-
What do the enzymes in peroxisomes do
Remove H from subtrates and adds it to O2, making H2O2 -> hydrogen peroxside
-
What is an amyloplast
colorless organelle that stores starch (amylose) particularlyin roots and tubers
-
what are the characteristics of an acidic amino acid
C double bonded to O, single bonded to O
-
central vacuole
- prominant in older plant cells
- storage
- break down waste
- hydrolysis of macromolecule
- enlargement of vacuole is major mechanism in plant growth
-
microvilli
incerase sA eith out increasing volume
-
What is a nucleoside
sugar and nitrogenous basic
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