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What does lifespan psychology focus on?
the ways that indivuals change and how they stay the same.
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What is a quanititative change?
- a change in the amount or number of something.
- i.e. height, weight, age, number of words that you know.
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What is qualitative change?
- Change in teh underlying structure or organization of a particular ability.
- i.e. going form bein g a non walker to being a walker.
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What 3 kinds of changes can you expect to see from individuals?
- physical -- body and brain growth & motor skills
- cognitive -- memory use and skill development
- psychosocial -- emotional development, personality development
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What were Baumrind's 4 different parenting styles?
- Authoritarian
- Permissive
- Neglectful
- Authoritative
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What is an authoritarian parenting style?
- Control and obedience are emphasized.
- It's my way or the highway
- Tends to span generations i.e. if the parent does it the kid will do it.
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What is a permissive parenting style?
- laissez faire
- hands off
- I am going to over respect the rights of the child because it isn't my place ot impose rules on them.
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What is a neglectful parenting style?
- no consideration for the child
- basically ignores child
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What is an authoritative parenting style?
- Set ruel structure, but the child is given considerable amount of respect.
- maximal control for child while still having an external rules structure.
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What are the 3 ways that prent react to misbehavior in children?
- Pwer assertion
- Withdrawal of love
- Induction
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What is the most effective way to react to misbehavior in children?
Induction
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What is power assertion?
- Spanking
- Threats
- Taking away privileges
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What is withdrawal of love?
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What are the 2 categories of play?
- Social play
- Cognitive play
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What defines social play?
- interacting with another child
- engaged in activites within close proximity to another child playing
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what defines cognitive play?
- mental development
- playing with block
- pretend play
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What is one of the most important acts that a kid can do?
Play
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What is self estreem?
global evaluation of self
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When does the first self realization occur?
around 18 months
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what does the first self realization mark the beginning of?
autobiographical memory
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what does cephalocaudal mean?
- head to tail
- development occurs from top down
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what does proximodistal mean?
development formt he center out
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What can you expect to see from a child as they move out of infancy and into childhood?
- more slender
- stronger bones
- teeth
- rapid loss in appetite
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children should take a nap until they are how old?
5 years old
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What is fast mapping
process in wich a kid absorbs the meaning of a word after hearing it in context a ocuple of time.
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When does social speech devlop?
toward the end of infancy
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When do children generally understand the fundamentals of conversation?
5 years old
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What is the best thing you can do to encourage language development in childre?
social interaction
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What are the 3 stages of development of language?
- Pre-Linguistic Speech
- Linguistic Speech
- Telegraphic Speech
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What is telegraphic speech?
- 18 months to 2 years
- first limited sentence usage
- based on noun and verb combinations
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what is linguistic speech?
- 10-14 months
- first spoken word
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what is a holophrase?
- single word used to express an entire thought.
- a child's new signal to get needs met.
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what is pre-linguistic speech?
- crying, babbling, cooing
- prior to first word
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Who viewed the mind as tabula rasa, or a blank slate?
Locke
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Was Locke more nature or nurture?
- Very much nurture.
- The experiences that we have in the environment is what creates the individual.
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In what four ways does the environment shape the mind?
- Associations
- Repetition
- Imitation
- Rewards & Punishments
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What did Lock mean by associations?
when we experience events together we learn that they are related to each other.
foundation for classical conditioning
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What did Locke mean by repetition?
The mroe we do something the easier it becomes to do.
foundation for cognitive psychology
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What did Locke mean by imitation?
- We learn by observing.
- you will become what you surround yourself with
Foundation for Bandura's social observational learning.
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What did Locke means by rewards and punishment?
reward reinforcement
foundation for skinner
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When did Locke say education was most effective?
- When it is enjoable
- takes advantage of a child's natural curiosity (piaget)
- instruction in small steps (vygotsky)
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Theoretically, who was the complete opposite of Locke?
Rousseau
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Was Rousseau more nature or nurture?
- Nature
- Individuals already have nature's pre-determined plan in place and we are just letting development happen
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Who is considered the beginning of Stage theory?
Rousseau
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What is a cricial period?
- brief window of opportunity to learn a certain type of information.
- subject to environmental conditions
- not in the control of the individual
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What is a sensitive period?
longer period of time that is better for learning types of information.
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Describe stage development
- Qualitative
- in a short amount of time you see a big shift
- i.e. no language skills to talking
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Describe continuous development
- Quantitative
- you have more gradual change
- i.e. number of words spoken
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What are the two criteria to be considered intelligent behavior?
- Goal oriented
- help the organism adapt to environment
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What are the 6 approaches to cognitive development?
- Behaviorist
- Psychometric
- Piagetian
- Information Processing
- Cognitive neuroscience
- Social Contextual
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When did behaviorism take off in the U.S.
late 1920s
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When did developmentalists start to dig Piaget?
1950s
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Is an information processing approach more nature or nurture?
- very much nurture
- experience drives learning
- individual differences are the key.
- quantitative approach
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Describe cogitive neuroscience
- examines the brain structures involved in thought and memory.
- hardware
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Describe the Information Processing approach
- Looks at the brain like a computer
- quantitative
- individual differences are the key
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