Gram Positive Rods

• Heat kills vegetative cells but not spores
• No hemolysis on blood agar
• Zoonosis

• 1. Endospore
• 2. Capsule (D-glutamic acid, not polysaccharide)
• 3. Toxins

• pX01- all toxins are on this plasmid
• pX02- capsule gene is on this plasmid

• Causes swelling of tissue (edema)
• Protective antigen & Edema Factor

• Zinc metalloprotease causes macrophage to release cytokines -> massive inflammation
• Protective antigen & Lethal factor

Obtained from eating meat. Mainly an animal infection, but 100% mortality

Spores are absorbed on skin. Causes black marks ("eschar") on skin from necrosis. 20% mortality

• Inhale spores. They must be a specific size to get to the alveoli.
• Pnemonia symptoms
• Person to person transmission doesn't occur
• Ciprofloxacin treats

• Opportunistic Pathogen
• Ubiquitous, but mostly associated with rice and cereal

• Food poisoning (oral fecal)
• Catheter infection (bacteremia)
• Occular disease if infects eyes

• Enterotoxins (heat stabile and heat labile)
• Necrotic Toxin
• Cereolysin
• Spore

Culture contaminated food and feces

• Facultative anaerobe
• A lot of flagella
• Can multiply at refrigerator temperature
• Weak beta hemolysis

• Food borne infection (dairy, canteloupes)
• Dangerous to newborns/fetus (can cross placenta)
• Immunocompromised- meningitis
• Healthy adults are usually subclinical

• Intracellular pathogen
• Causes overproduction of actin in host cell which leads to endocytosis of bacteria.

• Resistant to cephalosporin & other antibiotics
• Antibiotics are only useful if disease is caught early