26 flash card test

Fundamental document of the French Revolution; asserted that individual and collective rights of the French people were universal and irrevocable

Olympe de Gouge’s 1791 manifesto calling for full political equality for French women

The French colony on Hispaniola; became second independent republic in the Western Hemisphere: Haiti (“Land of Mountains”)

An 18th-century European intellectual movement based on rational, scientific, and secular critiques of traditional social, political, and religious institutions

The belief that legitimate political authority resides not in elites but in the people who make up a society

Author of Second Treatise of Civil Government (1690): citizens retain personal rights to life, liberty, and property; rulers derive authority from the consent of the governed

French philosophe who staunchly opposed religious intolerance and royal censorship

Author of The Social Contract (1762): anticipating radical ideas of the French Revolution, he associated sovereignty with “the general will”

North American phase of the Seven Years’ War (1756 – 1763), a global conflict between Great Britain and France, resulting in British control of Canada and India

Assembly of delegates formed by rebellious American colonists (1774 – 1789); created an army and coordinated revolution against British authority and postwar independence of the United States

Diplomatic conclusion to the American Revolution (1783); British recognition of the independent United States

French monarch who inherited crippling debt from his predecessor, forcing him to convene the Estates General in an attempt to raise new taxes

Legislature formed by the French third estate (commoners) in 1789; created a constitution to limit royal and ecclesiastical authority

Royal jail and arsenal in Paris; attacked by revolutionary forces (14 July 1789)

Royal jail and arsenal in Paris; attacked by revolutionary forces (14 July 1789)

Radical assembly that directed the French Revolution from 1792 to 1795; it abolished the monarchy and adopted the revolutionary calendar (Year 1 of the Republic = 1792)

Jacobin leader of the Committee of Public Safety; presided over and fell victim to the “reign of terror” (1793 – 1794)

Final phase of French revolutionary government (1795 – 1799); conservative reaction to the “reign of terror”; overthrown by Napoleon

French revolutionary general whose coup d’état (1799) established him as First Consul and, later, Emperor of the French (1804 – 1814)

First modern codification of French law, presided over by Napoleon (1804 – 1810)

Favoritism or patronage granted to family members, without regard to their merit; Napoleon’s system for appointing rulers over his conquered states

Period between Napoleon’s escape from exile in Elba and his final defeat and abdication (March – June 1815)

Napoleon’s final defeat in battle; British and Prussian forces routed the outnumbered French army in Belgium (18 June 1815)

Remote British island in South Atlantic Ocean; site of Napoleon’s final exile and death

The only successful slave revolt in world history (1791 – 1804); created the first republic governed by people of African ancestry

Free “people of color” in Saint-Domingue who initiated revolutionary conflict with the grand blancs,rich white plantation owners

Voudou priest who organized the slave revolt in Saint-Domingue (1791)

Former slave and brilliant revolutionary general who gained control of Saint-Domingue (1797) and issued a constitution (1801) granting equality for all residents of the French colony

Latin American colonial elites who were born in Portugal or Spain (the Iberian Peninsula)

Individuals born in the American colonies of Portuguese or Spanish ancestry

Mexican priest who rallied indigenous peoples and mestizos against colonial rule (1810); captured and executed by creole elites

Creole general (“EL Libertador”) inspired by George Washington; fought Spanish colonial rulers from 1810 until 1825; liberated Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia

A coherent vision of human nature and society that proposes a particular form of political and social organization as ideal

The belief that social change, if necessary at all, must be undertaken gradually and with respect for tradition

British political philosopher whose conservatism led him to approve the American and condemn the French revolutions

The belief that change should not be stifled but rather managed in the best interest of society

The belief that change should not be stifled but rather managed in the best interest of society

English philanthropist and MP who struggled against slavery and whose parliamentary bill in 1807 ended the British slave trade

Author of A Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792) and champion of women’s right to education

American feminist and advocate of women’s suffrage (1815 – 1902)

“…Seeks to establish a home for the Jewish people in Palestine.” (Herzl, 1897)

British, Austrian, Prussian, and Russian diplomats met (1814 – 1815) to impose a conservative, prerevolutionary order on Europe, based on balance of power

Austrian foreign minister who orchestrated negotiations at the Congress of Vienna

Prussian prime minister whose Realpolitik forged the Second Reich of united Germany (1871)