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Memory
the process by which information is encoded, stored and retrieved
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Explicit memory
the conscious, intentional recollection of previous experiences and information ex remember phone number, address etc Effortful
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Implicit memory;
memory in there due to doing over and over again-flip a switch when walking into room
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Three stages Explicit memory;
encoding, storage& retrieval
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Encoding;
how we take information in so that it can be recalled later using explicit memory
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Storage;
with explicit memory- how we store information so we can recall it later
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Retrieval;
how we retrieve information we have stored previously
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Three types of explicit memory;
short term, sensory and long term
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Sensory explicit memory;
brief lasts less than 1 second
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George Sperling did an experiment—what and why?; presented with array of letter, asked them to identify all, subject
reports 3 or 4, then tone used to tell subject which row to recite, typically they could recall almost all items in row regardless of row-tells us You’re encoding more info than u realize but it leaves the memory store faster than it can be retrieved
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Short term explicit memory
lasts approx 18 seconds-holding small amount of information in an active readily available state
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How big in short term memory
7+/-2
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STM test
have to report back digist/ letters forward
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Working memory
acive maintenance of / manipulation of info in short term storage ex give letters/ digits have to put digits in ascending then letters in alphabetical order
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What experiment was used to demonstrate concept of interference?
student give phone number but had to count back from 100 by 7 before repeateing phone number-couldn’t
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what is way to increase amount remembered?
chuncking
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Long term
capapacity for holding info for long period of time
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Long term memory encoding factors
structural phoenetic and semantic-semantic best
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Structural
Is the word in captial letters?
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Phonemic
Does the word rhyme with weight
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Semantic
Would the word fit the sentenece
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LTM retrieval factors;
recall and recognition-easier to recognize
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Transfer appropriate processing;
memory performance depends on the process at encoding matching the process at retrieval- better match=better remember, rhyming lead to better memory on rhyming test aka how teach self
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Encoding specificity principle
the more similar context at retrieval is to context at encoding, the better memory will be-study on land=test better in land vs water aka environment used
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Episodic;
collection of past personal
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Sematic
network of associated facts and concepts
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Classical vs operant conditioning
Operant deals with you interacting in some way-you feel effect and then change behavior
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The visual store is called?
an Icon.
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Learning
processes by which experience contributes to relatively permanent changes in the way organisms mentally represent their environment.
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Classical conditioning:
leads organisms to anticipate events; Pavlov
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Operant conditioning:
Person learns to engage in a certain behavior-through punishment and reinforcement
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Law of effect
responses that lead to rewards are probably repeated; those that lead to discomfort are less likely. The effect of the behavior tells the person something about how that behavior fits in.
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Fixed ratio OC Reinforcement
Reinforcement is delivered after a specific number of responses have been made (book clubs, freebie, credit cards)
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Variable ratio OC Reinforcement
Reinforcement is delivered based on a particular average number of responses (sales: get paid for every 10 shirts on average washed and ironed, but not for each 10th shirt)
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Fixed interval OC Reinforcement
Reinforcements are presented at fixed time points, provided the appropriate response is made (do little work until just before mid-terms . . . Extrinsic motivation)
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Variable interval OC reinforcement
Reinforcements are made based on an average time that has expired since the last reinforcement (radio promo giveaways)
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Continuous OC reinforcement
Reinforcements are presented after each and every response
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Shaping:
learning that results from the reinforcement of successive approximations to a final desired behavior
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Operant
response operates on the environment.
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Reinforcement:
occurs when any stimulus or event increases the likelihood of the behavior that led to it
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Positive reinforce
events that appear after the operant that increase probability of operant behavior occurring. EXAMPLES: smiles, rewards, desirable is presented
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Negative reinforce
- removal of something unpleasant to strengthen operant. (THIS IS NOT THE SAME AS PUNISHMENT)
- EX- You’re forced to hear loud, screeching noises. Suppose that there is a Barney doll. When you hug the Barney doll, the screeching noise stops. So you do it again. Undesirable is removed
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Examples of negative reinforcement
- escape conditioning: make responses to end an aversive stimulus-faking sprained ankle while running to stop
- avoidance conditioning: make responses to avoid exposure to an aversive stimulus-making excuses to avoid having to speak if fear of public speaking
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Punishment:
occurs when any stimulus or event decreases the likelihood of the behavior that led to it
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Positive punishment:
something undesirable is presented-spanking
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Negative punishment:
something desirable is removed-bed without dinner
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observational learning:
the organism is influenced by observing others.
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Watson’s Little albert experiment
- TABULA RASA; Classical conditioning
- baby shows no fear-when sees burning newspaper or white rat; Then he put white rat and made clanging=>Eventually albert feared all furry things
- UCS- clanging
- UCR-fear
- CS-furry
- CR-fear/crying
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Object permanence
for babies, out of sight is out of mind.
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Egocentric
thinking about things only as you see them can’t take other people’s perspective
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