SLS 460 Midterm Part 2

• words differ only by single sound in same position in both words
• e.g. sheep /ʃiyp/ and ship /ʃɪp/

• sound differences that distinguish words
• e.g. /b/ and /p/ in English

• sounds that are perceptibly different but do not distinguish words
• e.g. [p], [pʰ], and [p̚] in English

• the particular allophone or variety of any given phoneme that is produced depends on where it occurs in a given word
• e.g. [p] following an initial /s/as in spin
• [pʰ] in initial position as in pat
• [p̚] in final position, as in cup

• Voiced: vocal cords are vibrating (e.g. /s/, /p/, /t/, etc.)
• Voiceless: vocal cords are not vibrating (e.g. /z/, /b/, /d/, etc.)

• brief puff of air accompanying allophones of /p, t, k/ in words like pan, tan, and key
• occurs at beginning of words and stressed syllables in English (e.g. peal and rePEAL)

produced like /d/ except tongue touches or flaps against alveolar ridge only very briefly

• occurs after vowel or /r/ and before unstressed
• syllable, in same environment as /d/, across word boundaries when vowel in following word is stressed, e.g. “put it on” and “head it in”

e.g. data, city, putting, dirty, started, catty, caddy, latter, ladder

• 2 or more consonants occur in sequence in syllable-initial or syllable-final position
• - word-initial positions --> clusters of 2 or 3 in consonants (CC or CCC)
• o clusters of 2: either 1st sound /s/ or 2nd one is an approximant /l/, /r/, /w/, or /y/
• ex. CCVC --> /sneyk/ snake
• o cluster of 3 consonants --> 1st sound is always /s/, 2nd sound is voiceless stop (/p, t, k/) and 3rd sound is one of the 4 approximants (/l, r, w, y/)
• ex. /spl-/ splash
• /skw-/ square
• /sky-/ skew
• final position consists of 2, 3, or 4 consonant clusters --> result of adding plural /s, z/or past tense /t, d/ to stem ending in 2 or 3 consonantso
• ex. CC: /-rd/ bird
• o CCC: /-rkt/ parked
• o CCCC: /-rlds/ worlds-

• simplification strategy
• break up final consonant cluster when followed by word beginning with vowel sound
• - final consonant of cluster is moved over to the next syllable
• - part of final cluster + initial vowel
• ex. She moved it. /ʃi-mu(w)v-dɪt/
• (simple vowels: vowels without an accompanying glide movement as in bed or put)
• - /ɪ, ɛ, æ, ɑ, ɔ, ʊ, ʌ

vowels accompanied by /y/ or /w/, as in pain /ey/ or stone /ow/

• vowels consisting of a vowel sound followed by a nonadjacent glide within the same syllable, as in boy
• - /ay, aw, ɔy/

• articulated with more muscle tension
• - often tense vowels are accompanied by a glide in English

muscles more relaxed

syllables without a final consonant sound, as in tea, may, law, hoe, zoo- V, CV, CCV

• syllables ending in a consonant, as in team, main, pop, lawn, hole, zoom
• - VC, CVC, VCC, CVCC, CCVCC
• - occur in monosyllabic words or when stressed (him, met, hand, fun, put)
• - a consonant is always needed to close a stressed syllable with a lax vowel (cannot appear in open syllables)

• velum partially open during the vowel sound
• - nasal consonants precedes vowel --> slight degree of nasalization
• - nasal follows a vowel --> a greater degree of nasalization occurs
• - nasal precedes & follows a vowel --> greatest degree of nasalization occurs

• vowels in unstressed position articulated at the word and phrase level
• /ə/ “schwa”
• /ər/ “r-colored schwa”
• Other reduced vowels(less common)
• /i/= city; /ɪ/= music;/o/= narrow; /u/= into