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memory
the nervous system's capacity to acquire and retain usable skills and knowledge
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change blindness
the common failure to notice large changes in environments
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encoding
the processing of information so that it can be stored
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storage
the retention of encoded representations over time that corresponds to some change in the nervous system that registers the event
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retrieval
the act of recalling or remembering stored information to use it
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modal memory model
the three-stage memory system that involves sensory memory, short-term memory and long-term memory
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sensory memory
memory for sensory information that is stored briefly close to its original sensory form
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chunking
organizing information into meaningful units to make it easier to remember
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long-term memory
the relatively permanent storage of information
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serial position effect
the ability to recall items from a list depends on order of presentation, with items presented early or late in the list remembered better than those in the middle
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implicit memory
the system underlying unconscious memories
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explicit memory
the processes involved when people remember specific information
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declarative memory
the cognitive information retrieved from explicit memory; knowledge that can be declared
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episodic memory
memory for one's personal past experiences
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semantic memory
memory for knowledge about the world
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procedural memory
a type of implicit memory that involves motor skills and behavioral habits
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prospective memory
remembering to do something at some time in the future
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retrieval cue
anything that helps a person (or other animal) recall information from memory
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encoding specificity principle
any stimulus that is encoded along with an experience can later trigger memory for the experience
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consolidation
a hypothetical process involving the transfer of contents from immediate memory into long-term memory
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reconsolidation
neural processes involved when memories are recalled and then stored again for later retrieval
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spatial memory
memory for the physical environment; it includes things such as location of objects, direction and cognitive maps
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posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
a mental disorder that involves frequent nightmares, intrusive thoughts, and flashbacks related to an earlier trauma
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forgetting
the inabiliity to retrieve memory from long-term storage
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transience
the pattern of forgetting over time
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proactive interference
when prior information inhibits the ability to rmember new information
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retroactive interference
when new information inhibts the ability to remember old information
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blocking
the temporary inability to remember something that is known
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absentmindedness
the inattentive or shallow encoding of events
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amnesia
deficits in long-term memory that result from disease, brain injury, or psychological trauma
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retrograde amnesia
the condition in which people lose past memories, such as memories for events, facts, people, or even personal information
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flashbulb memories
vivid memories for the circumstances in which are first learned of a surprising, consequential, and emotionally arousing event
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source misattribution
memory distortion that occurs when people misremember the time, place, person, or circumstances involved with a memory
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cryptomnesia
a type of misattribution that occurs when a person thinks he or she has come up with a new idea, yet has only retrieved a stored idea and failed to attribute the idea to its proper source
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suggestibility
the development of biased memories when people are provided with misleading information
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source amnesia
a type of amnesia that occurs when a person shows memory for an event but cannot remember where he or she encountered the information
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confabulation
the false recollection of episodic memory
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memory bias
the changing of memories over time in ways consistent with prior beliefs
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mnemonics
strategies for improving memory
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