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Organic Molecules
- all contain carbon
- carbon has 4 electrons in outer shell, making it ideal to form strong covalent bonds
- chemical structure is rings, branched, chains
- macromolecules - huge molecules
- all are food
- include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins
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Carbohydrates function
- energy
- storage of energy - little bit in livers; glycogen (glucogen? sp?)
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Carbohydrates structure
- carbon
- hydrogen
- oxygen
- (CH2O)n - tells how many units are put together
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Carbohydrates
- water containing carbon
- sugars, starches, cellulose
- if word end in "ose", it's probably a carb
- mental exertion makes you crave sugar, because brain can only use glucose
- other tissues can use other sources of engergy
- fructose tends to create cravings more than glucose
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Simple Sugars
- monosaccharides
- 3-7 molecules in a chain
- primary fuel for the body
- glucose and fructose are the biggies
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Glucose
- hexose sugar (6 carbons)
- pentose sugar (5 carbons)
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Isomer
- mirror image
- eg glucose, fructose
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Disaccharides
- created by a dehydration synthesis reaction between two monosaccharides
- anabolism
- eg glucose + fructose = sucrose (sugar) + water
- broken down into glucose and fructose by adding water
- hydrolysis
- catabolism
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Dehydration synthesis
synthesis reaction that produces a water molecule
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Anabolism
process of building up
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Hydrolysis
process of breaking down by adding water
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Catabolism
process of breaking down metabolically
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Polysaccharides
- created through dehydration synthesis
- contain many monsaccharides
- cellulose - plant walls
- glycogen - fuel storage in body, primarily liver
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Carbohydrates as compounds
- carbs can be used to build things
- glycoproteins
- glycolipids
- play an important part in cell recognition in living systems
- glycocalyx - thin layer on plasma membrane in cell; plays an important part in self-recognition
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Lipids
- cheese analogy - have common characteristics, but also differences (runny, hard, formed)
- carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
- four classes - neutral fats, phospholipids, steroids, eicosanids
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Neutral fats
- triglycerides or fats
- made of glycerol
- fatty acids
- hydrophobic
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Fatty acids
saturated and unsaturated
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Saturated fatty acids
- all bonds in carbon chain are single allowing maximum hydrogen bonding
- solid at room temperature
- eg butter, lard
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Unsaturated fatty acids
- some carbon bonds are double decreasing amount of hydrogens available to bond
- usually liquid at room temperature
- eg olive oil, flaxseed oil
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Trans fats
- partially or wholly hydrogenated and oxygenated
- solid at room temperature
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Lipoprotein
- compound containing lipid and protein molecules
- allows for lipids to be transported through the blood stream
- since blood is basically water, lipids would adhere to vessel wall and block it
- protein surrouns lipid to carry/escort it through the blood
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Phospholipids
- cheese analogy - like brie cheese
- glycerol backbone
- 2 fatty acid chain - tail of molecule
- one phosphate group (PO4)
- - hydrophillic
- - termed head of the molecule
- - line up in two layers to create the phospholipid bilayer in the cell membranes of animals
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Steroids
- cheese analogy - Kraft singles
- lipids composed of 4 interlocking rings
- hydrophobic
- non-polar
- contain little oxygen
- helps form bile salts and hormones
- without fat in diet, can't make estrogen and period will stop
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Bile salts
- liver
- - Grand Central
- - detoxifies everything brought in
- - facilitates observation of fat by producing bile (as a salt)
- - bile is stored in gall bladder, squirted into intestines as needed and excreted as pigment in stool
- gall stones - salts come out o fsolution and crystallize
- gall bladder disease - eg blocked bile ducts; stool will get lighter and lighter until it is white
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Eicosanids
- eico - greek for twenty
- composed of 20 carbon fatty acid and a ring
- important mediators in inflammation, clotting and mucus production
- mediators of pain - if stop production, won't feel pain; note that pain still happens
- include:
- prostoglandins - cramping of smooth muscle
- leukotrines - Advair targets these; blocks production
- thromboxane
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Proteins
- backbone of life
- most abundant organic molecules
- really, really critical
- highly temperature sensitive
- most products of cell other than hormones are proteins
- enzymes
- contain oxygen, carbon, NITROGEN
- composed of long carbon chains called amino acids (more than 100 amino acids)
- develops a 3 dimensional structure
- sequence (comes from DNA) of amino acids determines the function of the protein
- nitrogen is eliminated from the body through the urine (NH4) is ammonia
- BUN - measures amount of nitrogen in blood
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Protein functions
- widest variety of function:
- - cell structure - everything inside phospholipid bilayer is proteins
- - body tissue structure - eg skeleton
- - control chemical reactions - catalysts
- - regulate growth
- - defend the body from invaders - antibodies
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Amino acids
- 20 amino acids in the body
- share similar structure
- - amino group (NH2)
- - carboxyl group (COOH)
- - side chain (radical) R
- -- defines (identifies) the amino acid
- -- can be quite complex
- linked together to form proteins via dehydration synthesis - product is water and CO2
- determined by DNA
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Peptide bonds
bonds between carboxyl groups of amino acids
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Polypeptide
- 10 or more amino acids
- 2 dimensional/flat
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Structure of protein
- determines function
- - fibrous - make long chains of things, eg clay snake
- - globular - make other stuff, eg china bowls, plates, figurines
- 4 levels of organization - primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
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Primary structure of protein
- number and sequence of amino acids
- different mixture to make bricks vs porcelain
- bricks can be lots of different shapes, but they can't be porcelain
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Secondary structure of protein
- cause 3 dimensional shape by weak hydrogen bonds between amino acids
- 2 ways protein can fold - Alpha helix or Beta pleated; which depends on intial structure
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Tertiary structure of protein
- folds again
- this structure is destroyed when protein is denatured
- heat denatures; that's what makes burns and high fevers dangerous
- overall shape of a single protein molecule
- - inner area is hydrphobic
- - outer area is hydrophilic
- - held in place by disulfide and hydrogen bonds
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Quaternary structure of protein
- 2 or more protein molecules join to form a macromolecule
- eg need lots to make a muscle
- some proteins must form a macromolecule to work
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How the body uses protein
structural and functional proteins
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Structural proteins
- long and stringy - eg gristle on meat; tendons
- water insoluble
- stable and rigid
- add strength to tissues and cells
- fibrous proteins
- - collagen - eg tendons
- - fibrin
- - keratin
- Elmer's glue - hoof and hon of Elmer the bull, boiled down collagen and keratin
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Functional proteins
- globular
- water soluble
- flexible
- chemically active - tend to get used up in reactions
- globuar proteins
- - hemoglobin
- - antibodies
- - enzymes - always end in "ase"
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Enzymes
- special kind of protein
- act upon substrates
- have specificity - like key for specific lock
- lock and key action
- allow for complex chains of reaction within the cell, eg like making shoes from a whole cow
- speed up reaction, but are not involved in it
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Nucleic acids
- found in nucleus
- largest molecule in the body
- composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus
- - addition of phosphorus takes it out of protein group
- - addition of nitrogen takes it out of lipid group
- DNA and RNA
- made up of nucleotides
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DNA
- deoxyribonucleic acid
- in nucleus and mitochondria
- instructions for building proteins
- - genes - discrete bits of matter
- 2 parallel strands of nucleotides
- hydrogen bonds
- double helix
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RNA
- ribonucleic acid
- transfers instructions from the nucleus to the cytoplasm
- eg designer (DNA) doesn't go to factory to tell how to make the shoes, tells foreman & foreman does it
- builds the proteins with the help of other cell organelles
- one strand of nucleotides
- 3 types
- - ribosomal (rRNA)
- - transfer (tRNA)
- - messenger (mRNA)
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Mitochondria
- DNA inside comes from mom
- it doesn't change (other than occassional mutation)
- can trace maternal line back all the way
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Nucleotides
- building blocks of nucleic acids
- - nitrogenous base
- - pentose sugar
- -- deoxyribose (DNA) - no O2 removed
- -- ribose (RNA)
- - phosphate group (PO4)
- 5 nucleotides - Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine (DNA only), Uracil (RNA only)
- all are ringed
- bond with each other to form nucleic acids
- bonds form between the sugars and phosphate groups
- this leaves the nitrogenous bases available for metabolic activity
- 3 nucleotides code for one amino acid
- eg letters (nucleotides) make words (amino acids), words make sentences (polypeptide chains)
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Gene
sequence of nucleotides that code for one polypeptide chain
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Chromosome
- long chain of genes combined with proteins
- in any given cell, some part of the DNA is blocked, eg salivary glands dont make neurotransmitters
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Cellular energy
- adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
- high energy bond broken to produce:
- - ADP and PO4
- - AMP and PO4
- - cellular respiration - produces ATP in mitochondria of cells
- - ATP is a RNA nucleotide containing adenine and two additional phosphate groups
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