Jarvis Ch.19 - Head & Neck Vessels

the area on the anterior chest directly overlying the heart and great vessels

the top broader portion of the heart

the bottom of the heart that points down and to the left

tough, fibrous, double-walled sac that surrounds and protects the heart

is located within the pericardium to ensure smooth, friction-free movement of the heart muscle

the muscular wall of the heart that does the pumping

the thin layer of the endothelial tissue that lines the inner suface of the heart chambers and valves

thin-walled reservoir for holding blood

thick-walled muscular pumping chamber

valves that separate the atria and the ventricles

right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle

the right AV valve located between the right atrium and right ventricle

the left AV valve located between the left atrium and left ventricle

the AV valves close to prevent regurgitation of blood back up into the atria

the collagenous fibers anchoring the valve's thin leaflets to the papillary muscles embedded in the ventricle floor

the AV valves open to allow the ventricles to fill with blood

valves that are set between the ventricles and the arteries

located on the right side of the heart, between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery

located on the left side of the heart, between the right ventricle and the aorta

they open to allow blood to be ejected from the heart

from the liver through the inferior vena cava into the right atrium (the superior vena cava drains blood from the head & upper extremeties into the right atrium); from the right atrium through the pulmonic valve to the pulmonary artery into the lungs; lungs oxygenate the blood; pulmonary veins drain the newly oxygentated blood into the left atrium; from the left atrium through the mitral valve into the left ventricle; the left ventricle ejects the blood through the aortic valve into the aorta; the aorta delivers oxygenated blood to the body

rhythmic movement of blood through the heart made of two phases

cardiac phase in which the ventricle relax and fill with blood

the heart's contraction phase in with blood is pumped from the ventricles and fills the pulmonary and systemic arteries

toward the end of diastole, the atria contract and push the last amount of blood into the ventricles

occurs with closure of the AV valves and signals the beginning of systole; can be identified as the first part of a pair of sounds (the lub in lub-dub); heart loudest at the apex

• 1. S₁ is louder than S₂ at the apex
• 2. S₂ is louder than S₁ at the base
• 3. S₁ coinsides with the carotid artery pulse
• 4. S₁ coinsides with the R wave of an ECG monitor

occurs with closure of the semilunar valves and signals the end of systole; heard loudest at the base of the heart

is normal, but rarely occurs; the mitral and tricuspid components are heard separately in the tricuspid area/left lower sternal border

normal phenomenon that occurs toward the end of inspiration in some people; instead of one dub, a t-dub is heard; heard in the pulmonic valve area/second left interspace

abnormal ventricular filling sounds occuring during diastole

• 1. velocity of blood increases (flow murmur) (e.g., in exercise, thyrotoxicosis)
• 2. viscosity of blood decreases (e.g., in anemia)
• 3. structural defects in the vavles (narrowed valve, incompetent valve) or unusual openings occur in the chambers (dilated chamber, wall defect)

loudest, still heard with entire stethoscope lifted just off the chest wall

very loud, heard with one corner of the stethoscope lifted off the chest wall

loud, associated with a thrill palpable on the chest wall

moderately loud, easy to hear

clearly audible, but faint

barely audible, heard only in a quiet room and then with difficulty

the pacemaker of the heart