Clin Path

A record of the findings from an examination of the blood, especially w/ reference to the #s, proportions, and morphological features of the formed elements.

includes the RBC count, mean corpuscular volume, hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration and erythrocyte indices.

• Decreased blood cell mass
• Results in decreased PCV, hemoglobin concentration, and erythrocyte # below the refrance range.
• PCV most commonly used as an interpretive value
• Book: Decrease in O²- carrying capacity of the blood due to a decrease in #, Vol, or Hb content of RBCs

• Blood smear evaluation will show: Macrocytosis, Polychromatic, Anisocytosis
• Reticulocytes present in an effort from the bone marrow to increase RBC production and release.

• Blood analysis will show defective or decreased erythropoiesis and lack of circulating immature RBCs
• Bone marrow not responding sufficiantly

• Reticulocytes are immature RBCs
• Aggregate develope before punctate, have more have more ribosomes left over to stain
• Punctate have only a few (<5?)
• Cats have both kinds, only count aggs.
• won't see in horses
• Count to asses anemia

RBCs that have a faint to obvious blue tint, these are usually immature RBCs and if stained with the stain for reticulocites will aften be revealed as such.

Finding excess amounts of reticulocytes in the blood, could be a regenerative response to anemia

• The production of RBCs
• bone marrow to systemic

• a.k.a. erythrocytosis
• An increase in the #, Vol., and/or Hb content.
• Can make blood more viscous slowing circulation and decreasing oxygenation
• Absolute = increase in RBCs
• Relative = loss of plasma vol.
• Absolute Primary: polycythemia vera, slight increase in WBCs too normal RBCs
• Absolute secondary: may be response to hypoxemia & erythropoietin stimulation (animals moved to higher elevation), heart failure, heart defects, thrombosis

• MCH (Mean Corpuscular Vol)
• MCHC (Mean Corpuscular Hb Concentration
• PCV
• Hb
• indices
• total proteine
• reticulocytes
• WBCs
• RBC

• Reticulocytosis, doing a reticulocyte count to determine if the bone marrow is responding adiquitely
• polychromasia, NRBCs, anisocytosis, w/ increased MCV

• Cats
• Birds

• Hemorrage - loss of blood
• Hemolysis - destroyed RBCs

• Nutrient Deficiency - no "building blocks"
• Marrow Failure - Primary: outside of BM (kidneys) Secondary: toxic BM, neoplasia

Horses

To see how much faster than normal the animal is producing reticulocytes.

Morphological Classification - groups together anemias based on cellular size and Hb content

• Primary: hypoplastic or aplastic anemia, may be due to marrow infection, toxins, neoplasia, or BM exaustion from overstimulation.
• Secondary: Dz process outside the bone marrow

in regenative anemias the MCV should be up due to the immature RBCs which are larger than normal RBCs

Evaluation of the WBCs in systemic circulation

Defensive response of body tissues initiated by release of histamine from damaged cells.

insufficiant or low

A condition in which there is more than the usual number of cells.

• a higher than normal amount
• a.k.a. -cytosis

Cell eating

Cell drinking

the phenomenon in which somatic cells, bacteria, and other single-cell or multicellular organisms direct their movements according to certain chemicals in their environment.

• Left-shift: where immature WBCs can be seen in the blood as more are produced.
• Degenerative: Immature > mature
• Regenerative: Immature <, = mature

• The Avian, Reptilian, and certain fish equivilant to the mammalian nutrophil.
• Contains prominant eosinophilic granules

Immune response involving production of specific antibody

Immune system mechanism involving actions of the cells of the immune system rather than antibodies

in the bone marrow

Neutrophils - attracted to chemicles released, phagoytosis, release enzyes to break down large particles- attracts other WBCs

• Drawn to Histamine
• activated by paracites, attaches to and kills
• can neutralize toxins

• May devolope receptors for allergens and release their granules when stimulated
• ganules have histamine, dopamine, seratonin, heparin, peroxidase, & other enzymes
• responsible for hypersensative allergi reactions.

• 3 types - B, T, & null
• B - antibody producing
• T - cell mediated immune response
• null - perhaps natural killer cells

• Main phagocytes
• Present items to lymphocytes