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What are the layers of the heart wall in order?
(outer to inner)
- epicardium
- myocardium
- endocardium
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What tissue compose the middle layer of the heart?
cardiac muscle
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What contributes to the inner layer of the heart?
epith. lining + valves
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List the chambers, valves, and major vessels associated with the heart in order of flow?
- 1. superior + inferior vena cavae > R atrium >tricuspid valve
- 2. R ventricle > pulmonary valve > pulmonary trunk > pulmonary arteries > pulmonary circ.
- 3. pulmonary veins > L atrium > bicuspid (mitral) valve
- 4. L ventricle > aortic valve > aorta > systemic cir.
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Which ventricle would undergo hypertrophy of it's wall to overcomethe following: narrowing of a specific vessel or valve, lung disorder, or hypertension?
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What vessels deliver oxygen to the myocardium?
coronary arteries
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Define myocardial infarction?
tissue death in myocardium d/t decrease flow or oxygen in coronary artery
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Name the pacemaker and identify its location?
sinoatrial node > Ratrium (RA)
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What is the length of the refractory period of the conduction system? And what does it prevent?
long, extreme heart rate
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Define electrocardiogram?
recording of electrical activity during cardiac cycle
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What are the 3 waves of electrocardiogram and what does each represent?
- 1. P wave > atrial depolarization
- 2. QRS complex > ventrical depolarization
- 3. T wave > ventrical repolarization
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Define systole?
contraction
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Define diastole?
relaxation
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The cardiac cycle is often described in terms of systole and diastole of which chamber? Why?
L ventricle, bc it works the hardest
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What are the functions and wall characteristics of arteries?
- heart > cap.
- middle layer: elastic fibers + smooth muscle
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What are the functions and wall characteristics of capillaries?
- exchange
- wall: endothelium
- (simple squam. epi.)
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What are the functions and wall characteristics of veins?
- cap. > heart
- wall: same as arteries + valves
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What effect does hydrostatic pressure have on fluid movement between blood and the interstitial space?
fluid from blood > interstitial space (proximal)
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What effect does osmotic pressure have on fluid movement between the blood and the interstitial space?
fluid from int. space > blood d/t albumin (distal)
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What is the reference value for systemic pressure?
120/80
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With reference to systemic pressure, define systolic pressure?
highest aortic pressure during systole
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With reference to systemic pressure, define diastolic pressure?
lowest aortic pressure during diastole
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What are the 2 basic factors that influence arterial pressure?
CO and peripheral resistance
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Define cardiac output?
blood pumped by either ventricle per minute
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Define stroke volume?
blood pumped by either ventricle per beat
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Define heart rate?
beats/minute
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Define peripheral resistance?
opposition to flow/ determined by vessel diameter
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What is the average range for adult cardiac output?
4-6 L per min.
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Nervous system regulation of blood pressure by: modification of cardiac output?
- 1. input- baroreceptors (monitor BP)
- 2. control center- cardiac regulatory center
- 3. output- ANS>HR altered> CO altered
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Nervous system regulation of blood pressure by: mofification of peripheral resistance?
- 1. input- baroreceptors (BP), chemoreceptors (O2, CO2)
- 2. control center- vasomotor center
- 3. output- ANS>vessel diam. change>peripheral resistance change
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List the major arteries in order of flow for the extremeties?
- 1. upper: subclavian > axillary > brachial > radial > ulnar > hand
- 2. lower: common iliac > ext. iliac > femoral > popliteal > ant. + post. tibial > foot
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List the major veins in order of flow for the extremeties?
- 1. upper:
- a. radial + ulnar > brachial > axillary > subclavian ->--> SVC
- b. basilic + cephalic----->axillary
- 2. lower:
- a. ant. + post. tibial > popliteal > femoral > ext. iliac > common iliac > IVC
- b. great saphenous v.----->femoral v.
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