Unit 3 (Filtration & Beam Restriction)

  1. the process of eliminating undesirable low energy x-ray photons by the insertion of absorbing materials into the primary beam
    filtration
  2. what does filtration allow the radiographer to do?
    shape the emission spectrum
  3. if you increase filtration, does exposure to the patient increase or decrease?
    decrease
  4. if you increase filtration, does the overall average energy of the beam increase or decrease?
    increase
  5. what is another name for increasing overall average energy?
    "hardening" of the beam
  6. low energy ranges will contribute to an increase or decrease in patient dose?
    increase
  7. soft tissue penetration requires around ________ keV photons.
    30-40
  8. _____________ photons cannot penetrate the part.
    low energy
  9. what type of energy only contributes to patient dose?
    low energy
  10. ___________ is mostly used for patient advantage.
    filtration
  11. what is the standard filtering material?
    aluminium
  12. filtration is expressed as:
    aluminium equilvalency (Al/Eq)
  13. when using 70 kVp or above, the law requires a minimum of _______ filtration.
    2.5 mm of Al/Eq
  14. the law requires a minimum of 2.5 mm Al/Eq filtration when using _____ kVp or above?
    70
  15. filtration needed to reduce the beam to one half of it's original intensity.
    half-value layer (HVL)
  16. name the 5 types of filtration
    • inherent filtration
    • added filtration
    • compound filtration
    • compensating filtration
    • total filtration
  17. filtration that cannot be controlled as it is part of the x-ray tube.
    inherent filtration
  18. name the 3 parts that make up inherent filtration
    • glass envelope (pyrex glass)
    • dielectric oil bath
    • glass window of the housing
  19. silver on the mirror is equivalent to _______.
    1 mm Al/Eq
  20. tube aging increases or decreases inherent filtration?
    increases
  21. __________ coats the tube window over time.
    vaporized tungston
  22. as vaporization increases, does the HVL increase or decrease?
    decreases
  23. does it take more or less HVL to decrease the beam to half of its intensity as vaporization increases?
    less
  24. any filtration outside the tube and housing
    added filtration
  25. a collimator is an example of ________ filtration.
    added
  26. a collimator typically provides _________ filtration.
    1 mm Al/Eq
  27. the collimator Al/Eq of 1 mm is due to:
    silver on collimator mirror
  28. what is the function of the collimator mirror and what angle is needed?
    • it projects light out of the tube housing
    • 45 degree
  29. filtration made of two or more materials
    compound filtration
  30. another name for compound filtration is:
    K-edge filters
  31. the K-shell refers to what?
    the inner shell of the atom
  32. the order of layers in compound filtration are most often:
    • tin
    • copper
    • aluminium
  33. tin has an atomic number of:
    50
  34. the characteristic produced by tin is about _______ keV.
    29.3
  35. copper has an atomic number of:
    29
  36. _________ absorbs the 29.3 keV characteristic produced by tin.
    copper
  37. the characteristic produced by copper is about _______ keV.
    8
  38. aluminium has an atomic number of:
    13
  39. ___________ absorbs the 8 keV characteristic produced by copper.
    aluminium
  40. the characteristic produced by aluminium is about ________ keV.
    1.5
  41. the 1.5 keV characteristic produced by aluminium is absorbed by:
    the air
  42. is the material with the highest Z# closer to the source or the part?
    the source
  43. in compound filtration each layer absorbs the characteristic photons created:
    in the previous layer
  44. compound filtration is used with high or low energies?
    high
  45. filtration that evens radiographic density with parts that have uneven tissue thickness or densities.
    compensation filtration
  46. name two examples of compensation filtration.
    • wedge
    • trough
  47. in compensation filtration, a wedge is used most often for:
    • foot
    • t spine
  48. in compensation filtration, a trough is used most often for:
    chest (CXR)
  49. the _________ portions of the trough and wedge absorb more radiation.
    thicker
  50. for the wedge compensation filter on the foot, the thick end is at the toe or the heel?
    toe
  51. the thicker portion of the wedge filter causes the density to be more or less in the toe region?
    less
  52. the filtration that includes both inherent filtration and added filtration
    total filtration
  53. total filtration does or does not account for compound and/or compensating filtration?
    does not
  54. total filtration example: if the inherent filtration is 3.5 mm of Al/Eq and the added filtration is 1 mm of Al/Eq, what is total filtration?
    4.5 mm of Al/Eq
  55. only low energy photons are removed by filtration. true or false?
    false
  56. when high energy photons are removed due to filtration, it results in an increase or decrease in radiographic density?
    decrease
  57. when radiographic density is decreased due to high energy photons removed by filtration, you must compensate with:
    an increase in technique
  58. increase filtration, increase or decrease density?
    decrease
  59. increase filtration, increase or decrease intensity?
    decrease
  60. what piece of equipment is used to measure filtration?
    ionization chamber
  61. when measuring filtration with an ionization chamber, filtration is measured in:
    milliRoentgen (mR)
  62. Roentgen is:
    ionization in air
  63. in the field, an ionization chamber is used for:
    calibration of equipment
  64. does a single phase x-ray tube or a three phase x-ray tube require a greater HVL?
    three phase (because it gives off more energy)
  65. As kVp increases, does scatter increase or decrease?
    increase
  66. Name two factors that affect the volume of irradiated material.
    • field size
    • patient thickness
  67. As field size increases, does scatter increase or decrease?
    increase
  68. As the thickness of the patient increases, does scatter increase or decrease?
    increase
  69. What factor affects the penetrability of the beam?
    kVp
  70. Does a higher kVp increase or decrease the chances of penetration of the part?
    increase
  71. With low kVp, is there an increase or decrease of photoelectric absorption?
    increase
  72. If kVp is increased, is there an increase or decrease of transmittion?
    increase
  73. If kVp is increased, is there an increase or decrease in photoelectric absorption?
    decrease
  74. If kVp is increased, is the amount of Compton scatter increased or decreased?
    increased
  75. If kVp is increased, does patient dose increase or decrease?
    decrease
  76. Typically, is an increase in kVp accompanied by an increase or decrease in mAs?
    decrease
  77. If kVp is increased, is the scale of contrast longer or shorter?
    longer
  78. What are the two ways in which patient dose is increased by decreasing kVp?
    • photoelectric absorption is increased which adds to patient dose
    • decreased kVp is usually accompanied by increased mAs which adds to patient dose
  79. If kVp is decreased, is the scale of contrast longer or shorter?
    shorter
  80. If the field size increases, does the volume of tissue increase or decrease?
    increase
  81. If the field size increases, does the amount of scatter increase or decrease?
    increase
  82. If the field size increases, is the scale of contrast long or short?
    long
  83. If there is an increased patient thickness, does the amount of scatter increase or decrease?
    increase
  84. If there is an increased patient thickness, does the scale of contrast get longer or shorter?
    longer
  85. If field size decreases, does the number of photons reaching the IR increase or decrease?
    decrease
  86. If field size is decreased, does image receptor exposure increase or decrease?
    decrease
  87. To maintain IR exposure after an increase in mAs, what must happen to the field size?
    a significant reduction
  88. Do parts with higher atomic numbers have increased or decreased scatter?
    increased
  89. In what modality of radiology are compression devices most utilized?
    mammography
  90. Do compression devices increase or decrease spatial resolution?
    increase
  91. Name three benefits of using a compression device:
    • decrease in patient thickness
    • lowers patient dose
    • brings tissue closer to film (decreases OID)
  92. Name four reasons we use beam restrictors to decrease field size:
    • decreases unnecessary tissue exposure
    • decreases scatter
    • shortens the scale of contrast
    • increases the visibility of detail
  93. Name four types of beam restrictors:
    • Aperture diaphragm
    • Cone or cylinders
    • Collimators
    • Ancillary devices
  94. What is the simplest type of beam restrictor?
    Aperture Diaphragm
  95. What is an Aperture Diaphragm?
    A lead or lead-lined plate attached to the x-ray tube
  96. Name three examples of equipment that aperture diaphragms are made for:
    • dedicated chest or head units
    • trauma units
    • dental equipment
  97. What device is made for use in fixed applications with a fixed IR and fixed SID?
    Aperture Diaphragm
  98. Does penumbra increase or decrease when the beam restrictor is closer to the object being imaged?
    decrease
  99. Does penumbra increase or decrease with the use of an aperture diaphragm?
    increase
  100. With the use of an aperture diaphragm, does off-focus radiation increase or decrease?
    increase
  101. Does penumbra increase or decrease when the diaphragm is closer to the focal spot?
    increase
  102. When using an aperture diaphragm, what must you be careful of when you apply it?
    that you place the diaphragm and the tube in the same orientation to prevent aperture cuttoff
  103. How do you determine the field size of a diaphragm?
    Image Size = (SID x diaphragm diameter)/ distance from focal spot to diaphragm
  104. What device is considered to be a variation of the aperture diaphragm?
    extension cones and cylinders
  105. Do extension cones/cylinders increase or decrease penumbra?
    decrease
  106. What beam restrictor device is the same size all the way down?
    extension cylinder
  107. What beam restrictor device flares out and allows divergence?
    extension cone
  108. Does the use of a cylinder/cone increase or decrease scatter?
    decrease
  109. Does the use of a cylinder/cone increase or decrease detail?
    increase
  110. When you use a cone, you must center carefully to avoid:
    cone-cut
  111. Name three examples of when you might employ the use of cones/cylinders:
    • head work (sinuses or skulls)
    • spine work (spot films)
    • cross-table hip
  112. What unit came with cone and cylinder attachments?
    the Franklin Head Unit
  113. How do you determine field size with circular cones?
    Image Size = (SID x lower diameter of cone)/ distance from focal spot to bottom of cone
  114. What is the first stage of a collimator?
    entrance shutters (they help remove off-focus radiation)
  115. Which set of shutters does the technologist adjust?
    the second set (length and width)
  116. How is the light field of the collimator created?
    it uses a light reflected off a mirror to project coverage of the x-ray beam
  117. How accurate does the light field need to be?
    accurate within +/-2% of the SID
  118. By law, what part of the collimator must be marked?
    the Central Ray
  119. What is something besides the Central Ray that some units project the location of?
    phototimer sensors in the light field
  120. With the collimator, what helps to center the beam with the image receptor?
    an alignment light
  121. Name two examples of Ancillary Devices:
    • lead blockers (shields)
    • lead masks (attach to collimator)
  122. Can a PBL system filter the beam?
    yes
  123. How would you position the wedge if you were trying to compensate for the thinness of the t-spine?
    with the heel closest to the top/head
  124. What category of filtration do collimators fall under?
    added filtration
  125. What happens if you increase filtration to the amplitude of the emission spectrum?
    it will go down
  126. Will the energy ranges be narrower or wider, if you increase the overall ave energy of the beam?
    narrower
  127. What are low energy ranges typically absorbed in?
    the patient
  128. What is the most common filter material used?
    aluminum
  129. What contributes to less exposure to the patient, 2 mm Al/Eq or 1 mm Al/Eq?
    2 mm Al/Eq
  130. What happens to the quality of the beam as the kVp increases?
    decreases (more scatter)
  131. What is a dedicated head unit called?
    Franklin Unit
  132. Would a diaphragm or a cone offer less penumbra?
    cone
  133. Where is penumbra located?
    the peripheral edge of the image
  134. Is unsharpness a photographic property or a geometric property?
    geometric property
  135. If the energy of the beam is decreased what would happen to the amount of attenuation?
    increase
  136. Where is a thoreaus filter used?
    • radiation therapy
    • (a compound filter)
  137. How do we measure HVL (unit of measure)? to measure the radiation?
    • Al/Eq (HVL)
    • mR (radiation)
Author
nenyabrooke
ID
108619
Card Set
Unit 3 (Filtration & Beam Restriction)
Description
Unit 3: Chapter 10 (Filtration) and Chapter 15 (Beam Restriction)
Updated