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der Mann (der: masculine)
the man
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die Frau (die: feminine)
the woman
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das Kind (das: neuter)
the child
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der Erfinder
the inventor
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Masculine: nouns which end in -er which have been formed from verbs
Feminine: nouns ending in -ei, -ie, -heit, -keit, -ik, -schaft, -tat, -tion, -ung
nouns which end in -in
many (but not all) nouns which end in -3
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die Freundlichkeit
friendliness
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die Freundschaft
friendship
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Neuter
- (i) nouns which end in -chen or -lein
- (ii) nouns which have been formed directly from vertbs
- (iii) nouns which end in -ium, -tum, -ment, and -sel
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das Fraulein
the little woman
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das Hauschen
the little house
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das Bruderlein
the littler brother
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das Christentum
Christianity
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das Abonnement
subscription
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Abend (evening) + Land (country)
Abendland (occident)
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Morgen (morning) + Land (country)
Morgenland (orient)
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Eier (eggs) + Auflauf (riot, running amuck)
Eierauflauf (souffle)
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sauer (sour) + Stoff (material)
Sauerstoff (oxygen)
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Gender of compound name will be determined by its final component
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Plurals of German nouns are indicated by the use of definite article die (the) plus on of the following ending
- (a) -e
- (b) -er
- (c) -(e)n
- (d) a few nouns of "foreign" origin form their plurals by adding an -s ending
- (e) there are some nouns which have no plural ending
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der Student
der Studenten
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Nouns ending in -chen are always neuter
Nouns ending in either -er or -en are generally either neuter or masculine
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A noun ending in -l, -e, -r or -n could be either singular or plural
A noun ending with any other letter (except occasionally, -s) will always be singular
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Conjugation
ich (I)--is never capitalized
du (you)--informal
er (he), es (it)
sie (she)
- wir (wie)
- ihr (you) --informal
- sie (they)
- Sie (you)--only german pronoun capitalized regularly
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sie (she), sie (they), and Sie (you)
when Sie is capitalized in mid-sentence it will always be translated as "you"
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one german verb form expresses all three forms of english present--
present (I sing), the progressive (I am singing), the emphatic (I do sing)
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Three most crucial verbs
- sein (to be)
- haben (to have)
- werden (to become, to grow)
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sein
ich bin
du bist
er, es ist
wir sind
ihr seid
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haben
ich habe
du hast
er, es hat
- wir haben
- ihr habt
- sie haben
- Sie haben
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werden
ich werde
du wirst
er, es wird
- wir werden
- ihr wedet
- sie werden
- Sie werden
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wissen
ich weiB
du weiBt
sie weiB
- wir wissen
- ihr wiBt
- sie wissen
- Sie wissen
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when not used as a verb, weiB means white
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