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Normal range for phosphate.
2.5-4.5 mg/dl is the normal range for what electrolyte?
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Causes of hyperphosphatemia. (4)
- 1) Acute or chronic renal failure
- 2) Chemotherapy
- 3) Excessive ingestion of milk or phosphate containing laxatives
- 4) Large intakes of vitamin D
These are all causes of what electrolyte imbalance?
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Name some clinical manifestations of hyperphosphatemia. (3)
- 1) Hypocalcemia
- 2) Muscle problems (tetany)
- 3) Deposition of calcium-phosphate precipitates in the skin, soft tissue, cornea, viscera, and blood vessels
These are all clinical manifestations of what electrolyte imbalance.
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Hyperphosphatemia can be managed how? (4)
- 1) Identify and treat the underlying cause
- 2) Restricting foods and fluids containing phosphorus
- 3) Adequate hydration and correction of hypocalcemic condition
- 4) Give Sevelamar (Renagel)
These would all be treatments for what electrolyte imbalance?
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List some causes of hypophosphatemia. (4)
- 1) Malnourishment/malabsorption
- 2) Alcohol withdrawal
- 3) Use of phosphate-binding antacids
- 4) During parenteral nutrition with inadequate replacement
These things are all causes of what electrolyte imbalance?
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Name some clinical manifestations of hypophosphatemia. (5)
- 1) CNS depression
- 2) Confusion
- 3) muscle weakness and pain
- 4) Arrhythmias
- 5) Cardiomayopathy
These are all clinical manifestations of what electrolyte imbalance?
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Name some managements for hypophosphatemia. (3)
- 1) Oral supplementation of phosphate
- 2) Ingestion of food high in phosphorus
- 3) May require IV administration of sodium or potassium phosphate
These are all managements for what elecrtolyte imbalance.
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What is the normal range for magnesium in the blood.
1.5-2.5 is the normal range for what electrolyte?
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_____-_____% of magnesium is contained in the bone.
50-60% of magnesium is contained in the ____.
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Magnesium is a coenzyme in the metabolism of ______ and ________.
What electrolyte is a coenzyme in the metabolism of protein and carbohydrates.
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Factors that regulate _______ balance appear to influence magnesium balance.
Factors that regulate calcium balance appear to influence _______ balance.
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What is magnesium important for?
________ is important for normal cardiac function.
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Which electrolyte acts directly on the myoneutral junction?
Magnesium acts directly on the ______ junction
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Name a cause of hypermagnesemia.
Increased intake or ingestion of products containing magnesium when renal insufficiency or failure is present can cause what electrolyte imbalance?
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Name some clinical manifestations of hypermagnesemia. (6)
- 1) Lethergy
- 2) Drowsiness
- 3) N/V
- 4) Reflexes impaired
- 5) Somnolence (prolanged drowsiness or sleepyness)
- 6) Respiratory and cardiac arrest can occur
These are all clinical manifestations of what electrolyte imbalance?
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How would you manage hypermagnesemia? (3)
- 1) Prevention
- 2) IV CaCl or calcium gluconate
- 3) Fluids
These are all done in teh management of what electrolyte imbalance?
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Name some causes of hypomagnesemia. (6)
- 1) Prolonged fasting or starvation
- 2) Chronic alcoholism
- 3) Fluid loss
- 4) Prolonged parenteral nutrition without supplementation
- 5) Diuretics
- 6) Osmotic diuetics from high glucose levels
These are all causes of what electrotlyte imbalance.
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Name some clinical manifestations of hypomegnesemia. (5)
- 1) Hyperactive deep tendon reflexes
- 2) Tremors
- 3) Seizures
- 4) Cardiac arrhythmias
- 5) Confusion
These are all clinical manifestations of what electrolyte imbalance?
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What would be some nursing managements for hypomagnesemia. (3)
- 1) Oral supplements of magnesium
- 2) Increase dietary intake of magnesium
- 3) If severe, parenteral IV or IM magnesium
These would all be nursing managements for what electrolyte imbalance?
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Normal levels for potassium.
3.5-5.3 mEq/L is the normal level for what electrolyte.
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What is the normal level for sodium?
135-145 mEq/L is the normal level for what electrolyte.
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What is the normal level for calcium?
4.5-5.5 mEq/L is the normal level for what electrolyte?
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Dehydration does what to body temperature?
______ causes the body temp to increase.
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Fluids make up what % of body weight in
A) Adults
B) Older adults
C) Infants
These are the percentages that fluids make up body weights in what age groups?
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Hypervolemia would be indicated in a patient with serum osmolarity in what range?
_________ would be indicated in a patient with serum osmolarity < 280
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Hypovolemia would be indicated in a patient with serum osmolaity in what range?
_______ would be indicated in a patient with serum osmolaity> 300.
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Name some clinical manifestations of hypovolemia. (15)
- 1) Decreased urine output <300ml/hr
- 2) Weak , rapid pulse
- 3) Acute weight loss
- 4) Elevated temp
- 5) Increased thirst
- 6) Anorexia
- 7) Muscle weakness, cramps
- 8) Poor skin turgor
- 9) Elevated BUN, and Hemocrit
- 10) Lethargy
- 11) Postural hypotension
- 12) Cool, clammy skin
- 13) Flattened neck veins
- 14) Mental status changes15) Serum osmolality > 300
These would all be clinical manifestations of what?
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Name some nursing interventions for hypovolemia.
- 1) Monitor specific assessment parameters related ot the mangement
- 2) Assist whith rehydration
- 3) Provide comfort measures
These would be some nursing interventions in what fluid imbalance?
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Name some clinical manifestations of hypervolemia. (13)
- 1) Irritability, apathy or confusion
- 2) Anorexia, nausea
- 3) Sudden weight increase
- 4) Edema
- 5) Polyuria
- 6) Bounding, rapid pulse
- 7) Headache
- 8) Elevated BP
- 9) Decreased BUN, and Hct
- 10) Decreased urine specific gravity
- 11) Distended neck veins
- 12) Serum osmolarity of < 280
- 13) Pulmonary edema
These are all clinical manifestations of what?
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Name some nursing interventions for hypervolemia.
- 1) Restrict fluid intake to 1000-1500 ml/24 hours
- 2) Na restricted diet
- 3) Loop diuretics
- 4) Lanoxin, Beta Blockers, ACE inhibitors
- 5) Increase protein intake to increase capillary onconic pressure
These would be nursing interventions for what fluid imbalance?
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