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What is energy?
the capacity to do work or supply heat (light bulb, rocket,bomb)
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What is work?
Force multiplied by the distance over which motion occurs (mowing the lawn. not pushing a wall)
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what is heat?
Energy that flows from a hotter to a colder object. (ice melting)
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What is Temperature?
a property of matter that determines the direction of flow of heat, or in other words a measure of how hot or cold something is
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how many jewles are in 1 calorie?
4.184j
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how many jewles and kcals are in 1 Calorie
1 kcal and 4184j
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What does teh First law of Thermodynamics say?
Energy can be transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed. it can however be lost along the way.
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What is the difference between potenital and kinetic energy?
potential is stored energy while kinetic is the energy of motion
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in the cain of doing work what are the four differnet energy transformations?
potential energy (fuel for burner), Kinetic energy(turbine), Mechanical energy(generator), Electrical energy.
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What does physics say about efficiency?
there is a theoretical limit regardless of design
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What is the overall efficiency of the average coal power plant?
ca. 42%
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What is Entropy? (high vs. Low?)
A measure of randomness, High means high randomness, low means low randomness
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What is the second law of thermodynamics?
the entropy of the universe tends to increase.
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What is exothermic?
heat is released. (fire)
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What is endothermic?
heat is absorbed (ice). also given photosynthesis as endothermic (chlorophyl)
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What is heat of combustion?
the quantity of heat energy given off when a specified amount of a substance burn in oxygen?
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how much of the world population does the us have and what is its onsumption of oil
5% population, 30% of oil consumed.
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What is a fossil fuel?
old, dead plants essentially
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What is the energy content of coal?
31kj/g
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What is the energy content of wood?
14kj/g
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What is the energy content of petroleum?
48kj/g
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What is a low grade of coal called and what makes it a low grade?
Lignite is high in oxygen and sulfur
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What is a high grade of coal called and what makes it high
anthracite is low in oxygen and sulfure but hih in carbon.
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Why is petroleum so popular?
more concentrated form of energy and easier to transport since it is liquid
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How much of our oil is imported?
60%
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before what time period did the us not import its oil?
1950's
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What is petroleum mostly made of.
thousands of compounds but mostly hydrocarbon (carbon and hydrogen composed)
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what is alkanes?
hydrocarbons containing only single bonds(methane)
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What are the uses of Petroleum?
HEating and transportation (80%), plastics, fabrics, pharmaceuticals
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What is cracking in gasoline making?
breaking large molecules into smaller molecules suitable for gasoliine.
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How can Cracking be done in the making of gas?
thermally or catalytically
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What happens after the cracking stage?
small molecules can be combined catalytically to make larger molecules.
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What is a constitutional Isomer?
Differnet compounds with the same molecular formula
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What is knocking?
basially uncontrolled combustion in the engine.
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What does a higher octane rating mean?
less knocking
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What is the OCtane rating related to?
the amount of isooctane in gasoline
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Where does the term Unleaded gas come from?
the antiknocking agent, tetraethyllead that was band in the 1970's
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What is the antiknocking agent used today?
Ethanol and MTBE.
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What is reformulated gasoline
Gas that contains ehtanol or mtbe and contains less hydrocarbons such as benzene
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What are the benifits of Refomulated gas?
Don't evaporate as easily as regular gasoline, produce less carbon monoxide
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Below what level does the EPA say is safe for MTBE?
below 40PPM
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Whatis teh fischer tropsch process?
a new source of petroleum. CO is made from a process involving coal but only viable where coal is plentiful and oil is scarce
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What is ethanol and its energy realease?
Is made by fermentation of corn. produces 30kj/g minus the energy used to cultivate corn
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What are chemiluminescence? (used where?)
release of energy in the form of light. crime sceens
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What is solar energy what is some downsides?
solar cells made from silicon that convert the sun energy to electricity. only about 15% efficent and expensive to build
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What is wind power and what are some downsides?
kinetic enery from wind is converted into electricity. they are big and need wind
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What is geothermal and what are possible downsides?
uses steam and heat escaping from planet to produce electricity. limited to specific geography.
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What is bio gas?
deconmposign trash and sewage produces CH4 which can be colected at land fields.
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