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3 categories of infectious agents
biological, chemical, nuclear radiation
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what are biological agents
bacteria viruses fungi adn toxins cultivated to cause harm
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biologics are easier over weapons because?
- easy to obtain
- inexpensive
- less area for production
- do not need special equipment
- person responsible can easily escape
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why is it easy to create public panic
bc biologics are colorless and odorless
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4 potential biologic agents
- anthrax ( bacterial)
- botulism (toxin)
- smallpox (virus)
- plague (bacteria)
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an acute infectious disease caused by a spore forming gram positive bacterium
affects domestic animals horses pigs, and cows
anthrax (bacillum anthracis)
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3 forms of human anthrax infection
- pulmonary (inhalation)
- cutaneous (open wound)
- gastrointestinal (contaminated food)
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how is anthrax usually acquired
from a break in the skin that comes in direct contact of infected animals
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Whats the problem with anthrax?
Spores remain viable in soil for years.
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what happens if treatment is not immediate and aggressive with anthrax
the person will die because of necrosis, hemmorage, edema, menangitis.
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How to diagnose anthrax?
Chest x-ray
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If x-ray shows mediastinal widening indicating hemmoraging, what could be the cause?
Anthrax
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For cutanious anthrax what test needs to be done to Dx?
Blood culture, elisa test and PCR.
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Symptoms of Anthrax exposure for first phase?
Sore throat, low fever, caugh, fatigue, and muscle ache
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Incubation period for pulmonary anthrax?
1 - 5 days but can last up to 60 days.
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How many days of improvement may follow the first phase of anthrax symptoms?
1-3 days.
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Symptoms of Anthrax exposure for second phase?
Dyspnea, strider, cionosis, respratory failure, toxemia, and acute hemorage mediastineitis.
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How long does shock and death accure with anthrax?
24-36 hours of later symptoms.
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Incubation period for cutanious anthrax?
1-7 days.
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What are symptoms of cutanious anthrax?
Localize itching, dark scabs, and edima.
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Antrax vaccination is recomended for?
- Military
- lab workers
- animal handlers
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Two antibiotics for anthrax
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Nursing Care for anthrax?
- Remove contaminated clothing
- Have client shower with soap and water
- Give profolactic treatment / antibiotics for 8 weeks
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A highly contagous viral disease in which humans are the only resevoir for the virus?
Smallpox (variola)
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When was the last known case of small pox?
1977
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Two types of small pox?
Variola (major and minor)
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How does infection occur with smallpox?
Small amount of virus is inhaled and travels to the lungs to the regional lymph nodes where it replicates.
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How is smallpox spread?
- Areosol
- Droplet
- Person to person
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Can animals or plants get smallpox?
No
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Symptoms of smallpox?
- Fever
- Pustular rash
- Prostration
- Headache
- Fever
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Medical treatment for smallpox?
No effective treatment.
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nursing care for smallpox
standard and airborne precaution
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disease caused by bacteria yersinia pestis
plague
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disease of animals that can be directly transmitted to hmans by animals
zoonatic disease (plague)
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2 types of plagues
bubonic and pneumonic
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humans acquire _____ plague from a bite of a flea feedin on an infected rat
bubonic
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If bubonic plague is not treated what could happen?
- Bacterium enters blood stream
- invades lungs
- and causes pnumonic plague
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How is Pnumonic plague spread?
- Person to person
- by droplet
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How long til people with pnumonic plague die?
1-6 days.
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How is bobonic plague diagnosed?
- blood culture
- lymph gland sample
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How is pnumonic plague diagnosed?
- blood culture
- sputum sample
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Symptoms of bubonic plague?
- Swollen lymph gland in the groin, armpit or neck
- HA
- Exahustian
- fever and chills
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First sign of pnumonic plague?
- Fever
- Headache
- Weakness
- Chest pains
- Blood or watery sputum
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If antibiotic treatment is not started within 24 hours of plagues what could happen?
- Respratory failure
- Shock
- Rapid Death
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Treatment for Bubonic Plague?
- Streptomicin
- Gentomicin
- Tetracyclin
- Isolation
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