ACS

An act which injures society as a whole. Criminal procedures cannot be stopped by agreement between the parties involved and criminal liabilty cannot be contracted away.

An act which causes harm or loss to another person or to their property. A tort is a civil action which renders the person liable.

An act not by negligence but by intent (e.g. slander, libel, assult or battery)

An action in which the plantiff (injuried party) is an individual, partnership or corporation. (cf.- Criminal action).

A false written statement which defames or harms the reputation of another person.

The flase verbal statement about another person.

threat or violence, or the intent of injury or another person.

physical violence, injurt or contact the may cause bodily harm.

Association by two or more persons co-workers of a business for profit. All partners hav share responsibility and profit and loss.

All partners are liable for the negligence of one another or of an employee

All acts necessary to carry out duties as an employee.

An employee of one person may be loaned to another temporarily and the second employer is responbilbe for the employee's acts during this period.

One who retains an agent to act for him

An individual empowered to act for a principal as a respresentative.

The most valid and trustworthy source of information possible should be presented in court.

Anything presented in court which is used to establish or disprove a fact

Evidence in written form.

That which is offered in the form of written or spoken testimony.

Interrogation of a witness by the party who called him to testify.

The burden of proving an assertion lies with the one initiating the legal action.

Witness is mentally sound and not under any restriction on their testimony.

A sworn statement of fact which may be introduced into evidence.

That which does not have to be divulged in court (e.g.: spouses, doctor-patient, lawyer-client).

Propensity for telling the truth

A person whose education or experience of a particular subject allows them to form an opinion that would not be possible without that knowledge.

An ordinary witness can testify only to what he knows from his own experience, not as to their opinion or what another told him (heresay).

Evidence which does not derive its value from the witness himself but rests on the veracity and competency of some other person.

A person who renders care in good faith at the scene of an emergency shall not be liale for civil damages as a result of acts or omission.

Agreement by a patient that the doctor may treat him (Consent cannot be given by a minor or incompetent person).

The patient must be infomred of the dangers inherent to a procedure before he consents to it.

Failure to conform to the standards of treatment imposed on him by the law.

A person may not recover damages if his own negligence or failure to follow instructions contributed to the injury.

Negligence by the doctor must be proven to be the actual cause for a patient to recover damage.

Negligency or omission to perform up to the standard of resonable care and skill of like practitioners in the same community.

The maximum period of time that legal action can be taken. May begin from the time of the injury is incurred, or from the time the injury is discovered.

Not of sound mind

To speak the truth

The matter has been decided

An employer is responsible for the torts of his employee.

The matter speaks for itself

A promise to perform for which consideration is given and for which the law recognizes a duty.

Mutual assent (acceptance), consideration, two or more competent parties, object must be legal, consent to contract.

The doctor to use their skills to treat the patient and for the patient to pay the doctor.

1) There is no obligation to treat anyone, but once treatment begins, the doctor assumes responsibility for the patients care until the doctor notifies the patient that he is withdrawing care, or the patient dismisses the doctor.

Obligation to treat a charity patient as any other, once they are accepted as a patient.

• Contract to treat and pay
• a) Implied consent
• b) Not valid with minor

Privileged Communication: Doctor cannot divulge patient information except when doctor is examined at request of defense for a trial.

The neonate lies prone in the examiners hand, with the exteremities hanging. The infant should attempt to keep the spine and extremities straight or in extension.

In response to a loud sound or jarring, the infant will often cry, and extend/abduct the extremities, followed by slight flexion and adduction.

An infant will turn the head towards and open its mouth in response a stroking at the corners of the mouth and lips.

The neonate is held upright and the sole of the foot is allowed to touch a flat surface. Stimulated walking should result.

The dark green intestinal discharge seen in the neonate

A white, cheesy substance seen on the skin of the baby at birth.

The fine hair coveing the bodyof neonate or fetus

Bluish, ill-defined areas of the skin in the buttocks and sacral region. Often seen in dark-skinned infants, such as Black or Asians.

A numerical score determined 1 and 5 minutes after birth. A score of 4 or less = need for immediate resuscitation; <7 = high risk for long term CNS dysfunction.

First teeth (6-7 months), solid food (4-6 months), umbilical cord stump falls off (10-21 days), walking (9-15 months).

closes in 6-18 months

closes in 2 months.

indicate inrcranial pressure

dehydration

Edema and brusing of the neonate's scalp due to pressure/trauma during delivery. Usually no complications and resolves within a first few days after birth.

A resonant or "cracked pot" sound upon percussion in the parietal bones in older infants or children may indicate increased intracranial pressure. May be normal in neonates.

lack of separation anxiety, fractures in various stages of healing, brusing in unusual areas (groin, armpits)

An infectious condition characterized by pharyngitis, dysphagia, cervical lymphadenopathy and pseudomembrane formation in the tonsillar region.

Signs include: delayed growth, microcephaly, retardation, pulled face with thin narrow lips and eyes, flat philtrum.

"parotitis" A contagious disease presenting with: redness, swelling and tenderness of the parotid glands and sub-mandibular region, possible orchitis in post-pubertal males.

"whooping cough" Respiratory infection with coryza-like symptoms, a severe progressive cough and a characteristic high pitched inspiratory whoop.

An infant born between 26th-37th weeks of gestation and with a weight of less than 2500 grams.

A congenital syndrome consisting of Dextra-rotation of the aorta, Right ventricular hypertrophy, Interventricular septal defect, Pulmonary stenosis ("D.R.I.P.")

The first menstrual period

Painful menses

Profuse or increased menstrual flow

Irregular uterine (non-menstral) bleeding

The absence of or abnormal cesseation of menses. (1 degree before menarche/ 16 yoa, 2 degree- occurs after menses has been established).

The symptoms of menses with no external discharge

Abnormal or painful labor

Painful or difficult intercourse

Hypogastric pain associated with ovulation

a pregnant woman. (primigravida or Gravida I-pregnant for the first time)

a woman who has never given birth to a viable fetus (cf. primiparous, multiparous).

Prolapsed of the uterus with possible protrusion of the cervix through the vagina

Aberrant endometrial tissue outside the uterus. S/S: back and abdominal pain, abnormal menses (dysmenorrhea, menorrhagia, palpable tender masses).

"PID" or "salpingitis" An infection of the fallopian tubes (or upper genital tract). Commonly caused by N. gonorrhoeae or Chlamydia trachomatis. S/S: adnexal and cervical tenderness, rebound tenderness, vaginal discharge.

malodorous, yellow or green discharge (from Bartholin;s or Skene's ducts)

White, curdy, sweet smelling

purulent, yellow

greenish-yellow, foamy, foul smelling

"papanicolaou" A staining procedure used to detect infectious (HPV) and abnormalities (cancer and pre-cancer) in the cervix and endometrium.

• Class 1 : normal
• Class 2: atypical (possible inflammation or infection) LOW GRADE
• Class 3: dysplasia or pre-cancerous HIGH GRADE
• Class 4: high grade dysplasia or non- invasive carcinoma HIGH GRADE
• Class 5: cancer, invasive CANCER

Proliferation and neoplasia of the placental chorionic villi in the absence of a fetus. S/S: Late stage uterine bleeding, abnormally high HCG levels, no fetal signs, 5-10% may become choriocarcinoma.

Malignancy of the trophoblastic cells (due to abnormal placental epithelium). (Trophoblastic cells surround the blastocyte and form villi).

• "follicular", "pre-ovulatory" "estrogen". During the early stage of the menstrual cycle, the hypothalamus secretes gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) causing the anterior pituitary to release follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).
• FSH stimulates follicule maturation (Graafian follicle), and estrogen production by the follicle.
• Estrogen builds up the endometrium for implantation, increases LH and increases vaginal secretions. Estrogen peaks prior to ovulation.
• 24-36 hours after LH peaks, LH causes the follicle to rupture (forming the corpus luteum), and release the ovum. (The follicles that fail to ovulate degenerate and are called corpus atretica). The ovum enters the abdominal cavity into the ampulla of the Fallopian tubes.
• The ovary signals the pituitary to stop FSH production.

• "progesterone" The corpus luteum secretes progesterone. If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum (becomes the corpus albicans) stops its secretion of progesterone and menstruation begins again.
• Progesterone inhibits estrogen and maintains the endometrial lining (preparing the uterus to receive the fertilized ovum and its development).
• If fertilization occurs, fetal tissue produces progesterone and HCG. The placenta also produces progesterone. Endometrial implantaion occurs about 9 days after ovulation)

Also, HCG. Produced by the syncitiotrophoblasts of the placenta. Promotes the growth and secretory function of the corpus luteum.

Luteotropic Hormone (LTH). From anterior pituitary, prolactin stimulates and sustains post-partum lactation, and inhibits estrogen production.

stored in the posterior pituitary, uterine contraction, milk production and ejection.

The outermost membrane of the fertilized ovum (consisting of trophoblasts and mesoderm) and eventually giving rise to the placenta.

soft and cyanotic (bluish-purple) cervix

softening of the cervix

softening at the isthmus of the uterus in early pregnancy

asymmetrical enlargement of the uterus

Light, perceptible, irregular uterine contractions occurring as early as in the first trimester of pregnancy.

a thin milky discharge from the nipple that occurs pre or post-partum

The perception of fetal movement seen around the 16th-18th week of pregnancy.

Identifies the fetal position (in cm.s) relative to the ischial spine.

2-3 weeks before labor the dropping of the uterus into the pelvic cavity results in a sense of decreased abdominal distension.

shortening of the cervical canal to a flat circular opening

"show" A blood stained mucus plug found at the os (opening) of the cervical canal that is ejected prior to labor.

Used to estimate the day of labor: the first day LMP minus 3 months plus 7 days

"melasma gravidarum" A brown hyper-pigmentation