Blaw

Basic Rules to keep order in society but capable of being inforeced by the government

• 1) Constitution
• 2) Statutes
• 3) Common law
• 4) Administrative

Judge-made law, that is, the body of all decisions made by appellate courts over the years.

The rules establishing how the legal system itself is to operate in a particular kind of case.

Rules that establish the rights of parties. For example, the prohibition against slander is substantive law, as opposed to procedural law.

• 1) Stable- Know what to fallow
• 2) Flexible- Possible change
• 3) Certian- Written in clear terms
• 4) Reasonable- Make sense

• Criminal: Government Prosecutes (no plaintiff)
• Civil: Plaintiff or anyone ( you initiate it)

• Criminal: to protect society
• Civil: redress wrongs, to solve problems

• Criminal: Guilty- Jail or fine
• Civil: Liable-Pays money

• Criminal: Prove beyond a reasonable doubt
• Civil: Prove by preponderance of evidence (>50%)

• "Let the decision stand"
• Once a court has decided a particular issue it will generally apply the same rule in future cases.

• An earlier case that decided the issue.
• May be binding or persuasive

president that yo don't techiniacally ahve to fallow

• 1) Ignore the precedent case
• 2) Distinguish on the facts
• 3) Distinguish on the law
• 4) Reverse ( if it was just bad law)

Any method of resolving a legal conflict other than litigation, such as: negotiation, arbitration, mediation, mini-trials, and summary jury trials.

• 1) State High (Supreme): Highest court in state
• 2) Court of Appeals: look at what happened (no jury)
• 3) Trial Courts: Start here and determine facts. (general and limited jurisdiction)

Hears a broad range of cases

Only hears certain types of cases

• 1) US Supreme Court: Highest court in country. Takes appeals from State Supreme court. Need a Writ of certiorari
• 2) US Circuit court of Appeals: Each circuit has appleas court- 11 circuits
• 3) US District courts and Limited jusrisdiction Federal courts: most federal and criminal start here

• Petition asking supreme to hear the case.
• Passed to 9 judges and 4 must agreet to hear it.
• Then are approved for a writ of Certioriari

• Two meanings:
• 1) Legal system- MN is diff jurisdictan than WI meaning own rules
• 2) Power to decided a case- Court must have jurisdiction over case

Subject matter Jurisdiction and Personal jurisdiction

• Two parts:
• 1) Federal suject matter jurisdiction
• 2) State Subject matter jurisdiction

• Either:
• -Exclusive (patent) or
• -concurrent (more common)- choice in state or federal
• AND either:
• -Federal question jurisdiction or
• -Diversty jurisdiction

Claim based on the US constitution, federal statue or federal treaty

• Requires a claim for more than $75000 and diverstiy of citizenship.
• No one plaintiff can come from the same stae as any defendent

Process serving: a person giveing the person the thing to be served

• Plaintiff: accomplish via complaint
• Defendant: obtained by either:
• 1) service of process within forum state or
• 2) long arm jurisdiction

• May serve defendant outside forum but he must have minimum contacts with the forum state
• Miniminum contacts are:
• 1)Realeste in forum
• 2) Does business in forum
• 3) Caused injury in forum

• 1) Pleading stage
• 2) Discovery/ Pretrail stage
• 3) Trial Stage
• 4) Appeals
• 5) Enforcement

• 1) Complaint
• 2) Default
• 3) Defandeant's challenge
• 4) Answer
• 5) Motion for summary judgment

• Documents filed to begin a lawsuit
• 1) Complaint: What happend and prayer which states what you want if you win
• 2) Summons: paper ordering defendent to answer to complaint within 20 days
• 3) Service of process: If yes then jurisdiction

If Defendent fails to answer in time or show up

The power of a trial court to terminate a lawsuit before a trial has begun, on the grounds that no essential facts are in dispute.

• Look for a way to get rid of it on procedural grounds
• 1) Jurisdiction
• 2) Stature of limitations: Timelimit that plaintiff must file in
• 3) Motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim

• 1) Plaintiff had legal right
• 2) Defendant had leagal duty
• 3) Defendant breached duty
• 4) Breach caused damages

• What happened?
• Eveidence is how they decide (trial)

• Definition
• Based on law and decided by judge

If there are no questions of fact or law then no trial needed

• 1) Tools
• 2) Pretrial hearing

• Interrogatories
• Depostions
• Subpoenas

• List of questions written up to help you.
• For parties not witness
• NEVER used for evidence

• Sworn statment taken from witness under oath
• Will be used in trial
• Keeps story straight and can help refresh memory

• Court orders
• Check if some business records has history of things happening before

• Between parties, lawyers and judge
• Try to persuade settlement

• Select Jury (Voir Dire)
• Preliminary instructions
• Opening statments
• Plaintiff's Evidence
• Defendants motion for directed verdict
• Defendant's evidence
• Directed verdic motions
• Closing arguments
• Judge's instructions
• Jury Deliberates
• Verdict
• Motion for judgment

• Chellenges for cause: attory give legit reason why should not be jurer
• Peremptory challenges: # of times where can just say they want the jurer off, no reason.

• A ruiling that the plaintiff has entirely failed to prove some aspect of their case.
• Permissible only if the evidence so clearly favors the defendant that reasonable minds could not disagree on it.

• JNOV: judment not withstanding the veredicto
• If no reasonably jury could have reached this clearly erroneous decison, motion may be granted and judge will sustitue verdict

• Affirm: let decision stand
• Reverse: turn loser into winner
• Reverse and Remand: return to lower court for new trial

• Attachment and execution: court order against their property. Possibly auctioned off
• Garnishment: have employer deduct fcrom paycheck
• Lien: goes against something so can't do anything with property until satisfy lien.

• Judge-made law
• It is both predictable and flexible
• Stare Decisis
• Bystander cases

You have no duty to assisst someone in peril unless you created the danger

• New law
• We the people have control over this

• A proposed stature, submitted to congress or a state legislature
• Must be approved by bot house of the resps and senate (two houses of congress)

The power of the judicial system to examine, interpret, and even nullify actions taken by another branch of government.

These agencies that congress creates federal administrative agencies with enabling legislation. The administrativve procedure act contols how agencies do their work.

Congress may regulate any activity that has a substantial effect on interstate commerce

• Freedom of speech, press, asembly and religion
• 1st 10 amendments to constitution

• Free Speech/expressioins
• We expect our government to let people speak and hear whateer they choose.

• Govt may regulate time place and manner.
• Ex: take place during day light, apply for permit to use place to protest

• Due Process and aTakings clause
• No person shall be depreived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use without just compnsations

Ensure that before the government takes liberty of property, the affected person has a fair chance to oppose the action.

Holds that certain rights, such as privacy, are so fundamental that the government may not eliminate them.

Prohibits a strate from taking private property for public use without just compensation.

The power of the govt to take private property for public use.

• Equal protections clause: government must treat people equally.
• No state shall deny to any person within it's jurisdictiont he equal protection of the laws.

• Intential aharmful or offensive touching of plaintiff's person without legal justification
• Can be direct of indirect
• Must not have legal justification so can't have consent

• Express: says or writes that you can touch them
• Implied: reasonable person would understand consent given
• Context: Implied through behavior like football

• Means voluntarily.
• If you intend for any toyp of contact

• Person's body and anything attatced dirctly to their body
• ex. hat, earings

• Intentional act which puts plaintiff in reasonable apprehension of an immediate battery
• Plaintiff must be aware that they are going to be battered
• Apprehensioon means expectation
• Action must be expected to happen imediatly, not later

• Intentional confinement of another without legal justification
• Confinment: taking away plaintiff's free wil to move
• Threats are also method
• Legal Justification: shopkeepers priveldge law

Protect merchants stores to protest if they think someone is shoplifting and it they contain reasonable everything.

• Intentional outrageious conduct of defendant which causes plaintiff severe emotional distress
• Intentional also means motif.
• They are trying to make Plaintiff miserable or act with recless regard
• Suffer to point where can't carry on regular functions

• Publication of a false statment which would hurt plaintiff;s reputation, causeing damage.
• Lible: written
• Slander: orally spoken
• Must be false to be defamatory, and hurt someone's reputation.

• a) Classic- have right to be left alone, intrusion of plaintiff's affairs
• b) appropriation of plaintiff's namre of lieness without permission for defendent;s commmercial purposes. Using name or picture without concent
• c) False light- makes you seem to be something your not
• d) publictaion of private facts- factst that do not need to be known by public. personal things

• Intentiaolly and without consent or legal justification entering on to plaintiff's real property.
• Defenses: Private- to sve someone or self. Public-to prevent harm to public like fire truck

• Interfering with plaintiff's rights of possession of her property
• This is stuffl like computer

Interference with plainff's personal property rights to the point where they are useless.

• Consent
• Privilege

• Self-defense
• Defense of others
• Defense of property

• 1) Duty of care/breach of duty
• 2) Actual Cause
• 3) Proximate caues
• 4) Damages

• a) reasonable person standard (reasonable duty of care)
• b) Possessors of Land- Tresspassser (low) Licensees (medium) invitees (high)

Plaintiff has to show...if not for defendants actions, would plainfiff been injured? YES

Reasonably forseable that defentens neglgent act could injure someone in the shoes of the plaintiff

Show some type of harm happened to them

Contributory: Plaintiff's neglagent as well and added to the actions (older tradition)

Determin total amount plaintiff's damages thena ssign a level of ault for both parties

• Plaintiff was aware of situation of rist that was created so they saw what could happen and could have avoided it
• Subjective standard: not about if reasonalbe person but fo this person aware of risk

• 1) Wild animals
• 2) Ultrahazrdous/abnormally dangerous activites
• 3) Products liabiltiy

• If animal is originally found in wild
• Everydog gets one free bite

• Activity involves risk of serious harm to people or property and
• Cannot be perfomred sith complete safety regarless of how careful on is and it is not commonly performed in the community
• Can't be safe no matter what

• One who sells a defective product which is unreasonably dangerous to a consumer of his property is liable if-
• a) the seller is in the businees of selling the product and
• b) the product reaches teh consumer without substantial change in it's condition

Somthing not supose to be there like mouse

They inteneded it to be that way but how design was is defective and dangerous