BLOOD TISSUE

•Transport and Distributing vehicle:

•nutrients and oxygen to cells

•metabolic wastes away from cells

•hormones and regulatory factors to and from cells

•humoral agents and cells of immune system

•


•Maintenance of homeostasis:

•acting as a buffer

•maintains osmotic balance

•thermoregulation




•Storage and transport of clotting factors (coagulation)

platelet demarcation channels

membrane invagination

control of bleeding

1) peripheral (cell membrane and glycocaylx): GAGs, glycoproteints, coagulation factors

2) structural (microtubules and actin) supports plasma membrane

3) organelle zone - center of platelet, has granules

4) membrane zone

alpha - fibrinogen, plasminogen, plasminogen activator/inhibitor, platelet derived growth factor (intitial phase of repair)

delta- ADP/ATP, serotonin (vasoconstriction), histamine - platelet adhesion

gamma - similar to lysosomes, hydrolytic enzymes (clot resporption)

• 1) primary aggregation - platelets exposed to collagen or air, collagen binding protein
• 2) secondary aggregation - alpha and delta granules released (glycoproteins and ADP increase size of clot) serotonin (vasoconstriction)
• 3) blood coagulation (cascade of 13 plasma proteins --> leads to fibrin --> formation of clot/thrombus
• 4) clot retraction

clot moves away so that blood can flow in vessel again

plasminogen (inactive form) is activated by plasminogen activator and turns into plasmin (lyses up the clot)

gamma granules

1) myeloid stem cell -- everything

2) lymphoid stem cell - lymphocyte

• neutrophils
• eosinophils
• basophils

• lymphocytes
• monocytes

• store chemicals
• mediators that activate inflammatory process
• permanent residents of connective tissue (not blood cells!)
• released when the immune system needs to be stimulated

gnarly allergic reaction

• histamine (slow-reacting
• substance of anaphylaxis SRS-A)

-eosinophil chemotactic factor

-neutrophil chemotactic factor

-heparin

release antibodies that bind to Fc receptor on mast cells

1st time: exposed to pollen, b cell binds pollen, turns into plasma cell and secretes a bunch of pollen antibodies, these antibodies (IgE) attach themselves to mast cells

2nd time: the IgE primed mast cells release granules and powerful chemical mediators into the environment (cause typical symptoms of allergy)

• migrate to CT
• neutrophils do kamakazi missions, then monocyts come in - differentiate into macrophages - display antigen presenting cells in MHC (major histocompatibility complex)
• they are like commanders/ provide intelligence
• have a horseshoe nucleus

• horseshoe nuclei
• indented b/c huge golgi apparatus

• presence of necrotic material
• invading microorganisms
• inflammation

• cell and tissue debris
• remaining bacteria
• dead neutrophils
• neoplastic cells
• abnormal extracellular material

• 1) liver
• 2) body cavities
• 3) brain
• 4) epidermis
• 5) bone

• 1) lymphokines released by lymphocytes
• and exposure to immune complexes

• 2) release of neutral proteases and GAGases (facilitate migration)
• release other compounds involved in anaphylaxis and inflammatino
• main antigen presenting cells (After digestion disply antigengs of foreign "invader" on surface in form of major histocompatibility comples II

cause dilation of small blood vessels

antiocoagulant

• kill protozoans and worms
• bilobed nucleus
• stimulated by mast cell releases
• have granules
• involved in allergic reactions, chronic inflammation, and parasitic infections

• the least numerous
• similar to mast cells
• receptors for IgE
• stimulate B cells
• granules: heparin, histamine, SRS

derm, baby

• lymphocytes
• - diapedisis

they are already primed to bind to only one kind of antigen

• they have the same function - they are both stimulated by exposure to an antigen
• and they both respond by: binding to the antibody (IgE) secreted by he plasma cell and releasing granules

a cell that has developed the capacity to recognize adn respond to antigens and are in transit from one lymphatic tissue to another

- lymphocytes!

• in blood, most common agranulocyte
• T cell - recognizes antigens bound to MHC
• B cell - produces antibodies
• NK - kill certain virus-infected cells and some types of tumor cells

5-6 (7-8% of body weight)

• 1) cells and cell fragments (46% by volume)
• erythrocytes (RBC))
• leukocytes (WBC)
• platelets (thrombocytes)

2) plasma: liquid ECM of blood

ECM without clotting factors

amoutn of volume packed erythrocytes/unit volume of blood, greater in men

• electrolytes
• nutrients
• dissolved gases
• vitamins
• hormones
• lipoproteins
• wastes

• 1) albumins
• 2) globulins (alpha, beta, gamma)
• 3) fibrinogen (also prothrombin)

also lipoproteins

• main plasma protein
• made in the liver
• smallest protein
• important for osmotic pressure (needs to stay in capillary, if it leaks out then osmotic pressure decreases so you get edema :(, also important for regulation of exchange of materials between plasma and EC fluid
• carrier protein - binds and transports insoluble substances (bilirubin ex)

• immunoglobulins
• gamma, largest component, secreted by plasma cells, antibodies

• nonimmune globulins:
• alpha and beta, secreted by liver, maintain osmotic pressure, , carrier protein (copper, iron)

• made in liver
• in a cascade of rxns with other coagulation factors, polymerizes to form the insoluble protein FIBRIN (forms clot)

basophilia (deep blue) : dna, rna, granules of basophils

azurophilia (purple): lysosomes, granule found in leukocytes

eosinophilia (pink): hemoglobin, granules of eosinophils

neutrophilia (salmon pink/lilac): cytoplasmic granules of neutrophils leukocytes

immature red blood cell (no nucleus)

• a nucleate
• no orgnalles
• bind oxygen to deliver to tissues
• bind CO2 to remove from tissues
• biconcave disc gives it greater SA
• extremely flexible
• stain pink (eosin)
• live 120 days
• fit perfectly into capillart

• 2 alpha chains
• 2 beta chains
• heme group with iron

• immature red blood cells
• normally about 1% of RBC
• important number to check - will increase due to a bunch of things (high altitude, internal clotting, anemia)
• compressed RNA

• blood concentration of hemoglobin is low
• can be caused by lots of stuff

• single pt mutation in beta globin chain of hemoglobin
• under low oxygen conditions, aggregate into sicle shape

• divided into granulocytes and agranulocytes
• granulocytes = mature diferentiated ones, only last a few days at most, not actively dividing, cleaned up by macrophages

mainly found in connective tissue, ones in blood are in transit!

nonspecific azurophilic (purple) granules = lysosomes!

• INFANTRY MEN! short lived :(
• energy source is glycolytic pathway to make ATP

• most common type of leukocyte
• phagocytosis!
• multilobed nucleus

• 1) specific: granulocyte, very small, barely visible
• - bacteriostatic and bactericidal agents

2) azurophilic granules: lysosomes (larger and less numerous)

3) tertiary granules: more enzymes

PHASE 1: macrophages and mast cells already in infected CT, recognize infection- secrete cytokines - causes endothelial cells to express selectin receptor (selectin is on neutrophil membrane) - neutrophil rolllls along endothelial cell (rolling adhesion) slows n. down.

PHASE 2: cytokins cause endothelial cells to secrete chemokines - activate integrins on surface of neutrophil (tight adhesion).

cytoskeleton of neutrophil reorganizes, flattens on endothelial cells, extend pseudopod

transmigration: epithelial cells held together. mast cells secrete heparin and histamine that loosen junctions and allow nutrophil pseudopod to find a way through to the CT. mast cells release proteases to degrade ECM so neutrophil has room to move

once neutrophil is in the CT it migrates further towards site of injury

lasts 1-2 days

outward passage of white blood cells through intact vessel walls

1) Fc receptors - binds to antibodies (phagocytosis)

2) complement receptors (chemical warfare)

3) toll -like receptors (recognize common pathogenic molecules)

4) scavenger receptors (recognize certain lipoproteins found on bacteria)

antigen when it has been engulfed inside the neutrophil

neutrophil takes in antigen - phagosome

glucose is taken into the cell, goes through pentose phosphate pathway (shunt) instead of glycolysis, then makes NADPH and H, NADPH is taken up by NDPH oxidase on surface of phagosome, it adds the high energy electrons and adds them to oxygen making a superoxide O2-, either combines with H+ to make peroxide or singlet O2 (both damaging to bacteria)

RESPIRATORY BURST! take all neutrophil's energy stores to create killing environment, shove high energy electrons into lysosome to make all damaging products

• left with dead bacteria in cytoplasm
• dead bacteria +dead neutrophils = pus!

• neutrophils secrete interleukins (pyrogen - fever inducing agent), which induces prostaglandins, which activate hypothalamus to produce fever
• -want to activate hypothalamus for extra help

- endothelial cells of blood vessel suck neutrophils into CT, neutrophils have various receptors, neutrophils phagocytosis bacteria and die, monoctyes come into CT and clean up all the crap (turn into macrophages) and display MHC

plasma cells

alpha and beta

the liver

(gamma)

antibodies!