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Western Physiology 1

  1. What kinds of molecules are necessary for something to be considered organic?
    • Carbon
    • Hydrogen
    • Oxygen
    • Nitrogen
  2. What are the 5 stages of life, in order?
    • Cell
    • Tissue (has a specific function)
    • Organ
    • System
    • Organism
  3. What is the average pH level of the human body?
    7.4 (+/- 0.05)
  4. What are the essential organic molecules?
    • Carbohydrates
    • Fats/Lipids
    • Proteins
    • Nucleic Acids
  5. What are the three basic units that we can absorb from food?
    • Glucose
    • Triglycerides
    • Amino Acids
  6. What type of chemical bonding has a complete transfer of electrons?
    Ionic (these have a tendency to be polar and water-soluble)
  7. What type of chemical bonding has an equal sharing of electron pairs?
    Covalent (these have a tendency to be non-polar and fat/lipid soluble)
  8. What type of chemical bonding has an electrostatic attraction?
    Hydrogen
  9. What type of chemical bonding has characteristics between ionic and covalent bonding?
    Polar Covalent
  10. Name the major membranes in our body.
    • Pleura
    • Pericardium
    • Peritoneum
  11. What pathological conditions are associated with the pleura?
    • Pnuemothorax - air entering pleural space
    • Pleural Effusion (Edema) - water entering pleural space
  12. Anti-inflammatory
    Prevents blood clots
    Has breast and colon cancer protection
    reduces ADD (attention deficit disorder)
    Omega-3
  13. Proinflammatory
    Prothrombotic (blood clot forming)
    Cancer causing
    Omega-6
  14. What is the most abundant protein in the blood? Which organ produces it?
    • Albumins
    • Liver
  15. What is the only cell in the body that does not have a nucleus
    RBC (red blood cell)
  16. Contains ribosomes, involved in protein production
    Endoplasmic reticulum
  17. Powerhouse of the cell. Produces energy. What cells contain the most of these?
    • Mitochondrion
    • Muscle
  18. Vesicle which contains digestive enzymes. What type of cells are associated with this organelle?
    • Lysosomes
    • White Blood Cells
  19. Which type of cell contains the most ribosomes?
    Liver
  20. What is the difference between a Passive Process and an Active Process?
    • Passive - occurs naturally, no energy required
    • Active - movement of molecules that required energy (ATP)
  21. Movement of molecules from High concentration to Low concentration.
    Diffusion
  22. Movement of molecules from Low Solute to High Solute concentration.
    Osmosis
  23. Movement of molecules from high to low concentration with assistance of a carrier molecule (i.e. insulin)
    Facilitated Diffusion
  24. Movement of molecules from low to high concentration requiring energy (ATP)
    Primary Active Transport (i.e. Na+ / K+ ATPase Pump)
  25. What is the most abundant extracellular ion?
    Na+ (sodium)
  26. What is the most abundant intracellular ion?
    K+ (potassium)
  27. What type of structure is DNA? What type of bond?
    • Helix structure
    • Hydrogen Bond
  28. What is the largest organ in the human body?
    Skin
  29. What are the functions of skin?
    • Protective Barrier
    • Temperature Control (Liberating heat through sweat)
    • Excretion (sweating)
    • Absorption (taking in sunlight to produce vitamin D)
  30. The skin is primarily composed of the epidermis and dermis. Which section contains blood vessels? nerve fibers?
    • Dermis layer contain both blood vessels and nerve fibers
    • Epidermis does not contian either
    • Image Upload 2
  31. What types of dermatophytes (fungus') are associated with skin? Give location and term.
    • Head/Scalp - Tinea Capitis (Dandruff (seborrhea))
    • Body/Torso - Tinea Corpis (Ringworm)
    • Genitals - Tinea Cruris (Jock Itch)
    • Feet - Tinea Pedis (Athletes Foot)
  32. The point at which muscle attaches to a bone. It is not moved by the contraction of the muscle.
    Origin
  33. The point at which a muscle attaches to the skin, a bone, or another muscle. The insertion attaches to the structure that will be moved by the contraction of the muscle.
    Insertion
  34. A tough band of fibrous connective tissue that usually connects muscle to bone.
    Tendon
  35. A fibrous tissue that connects bones to other bones.
    Ligament
  36. A muscle that acts in opposition to the specific movement generated.
    Antagonist (i.e. bicep / tricep, flexing / extending)

    *Agonist is the term equal and opposite of antagonist
  37. Assists in performing the same set of joint motion as the agonists.
    Synergist
  38. What types of ions are needed for muscle contraction?
    • Ca2+ - Calcium
    • K+ - Potassium

    *ATP is also needed for muscle contraction
  39. process used by muscles to contract
    • Sliding Filament Theory
    • Image Upload 4
  40. What are the five types of tissue?
    • Epithelial
    • Connective
    • Muscle
    • Nerve
    • Glandular
  41. What are the three types of muscle?
    • Skeletal - Voluntary movement - more Exterior
    • Smooth - Involuntary movement - more Interior (lines Fu organs) - Regulated by Autonomic Nervous System
    • Cardiac - Looks like Skeletal, acts like Smooth - Regulated by Autonomic Nervous System
  42. Which muscle / tendon is most commonly affected in the SITS muscle region?
    Supraspinatus
  43. How many bones does the adult body contain?
    206
  44. What is the hormone and bone cell pair for bone demineralization? What happens to bone when demineralization occurs?
    • PTH (Parathyroid Hormone)
    • Osteoclasts
    • Calcium is released into the blood stream
  45. What is the hormone and bone cell pair for bone mineralization?
    • Calcitonin
    • Osteoblasts
    • Calcium is driven into bone strengthening it.
  46. What are the functions of bone?
    • Support
    • Mineral Storage (mineralization / demineralization)
    • Producing blood cells (WBC, RBC, platlets)
  47. Which type of bone contains marrow?
    Long Bones (i.e. Humerus, Tibia, Femur)
  48. Identify the following
    Image Upload 6
    • 1. Right Atrium - filling chamber
    • 2. Tricuspid Valve
    • 3. Right Ventricle - emptying chamber
    • 4. Left Atrium - filling chamber
    • 5. Mitral Valve
    • 6. Left Ventricle - emptying chamber
    • 7. Septum - prevents blood mixing between left and right hearts
  49. What are the three muscle layers of the heart?
    • Pericardium - outer most
    • Myocardium - middle
    • Endocardium - inner most
  50. Carries oxygen-depleted blood away from the heart, to the lungs, and returns oxygenated blood back to the heart.
    Pulmonary Circulation
  51. Carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body, and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
    Systemic Circulation
  52. Delivers oxygen-rich blood to the myocardium.
    Coronary Circulation
  53. What are the function of these three?
    Image Upload 8
    • 1. Nourishes Lateral Wall
    • 2. Nourishes Anterior Inferior Wall
    • 3. Nourishes Posterior Inferior Wall
  54. What is another term for myocardial infarction?
    • Heart Attack
    • Unstable angina
  55. What is another term of stenosis?
    Blockage
  56. A collection of veins joined together to form a large vessel that collects blood from the myocardium of the heart. It delivers deoxygenated blood to the Right atrium in conjunction with the superior and inferior vena cava.
    • Coronary Sinus
    • Image Upload 10
  57. Identify the following
    Image Upload 12
    • 1. Sinoatrial node - natural pacemaker
    • 2. Atrioventricular node - block irregular signals, lets "normal" signals through
    • 3. Bundle of His
    • 4. Left bundle branch
    • 5. Right bundle branch
  58. This takes a picture of the heart
    Electrocardiogram (EKG)
  59. What are the two common types of arrhythmia's (irregular heart beat)? Which of the two are more common?
    • Atrial Fibrillation 90%
    • Atrial Flutter 10%
  60. What part of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) speeds up heart rate? What part slows down?
    • Sympathetic NS speeds up
    • Parasympathetic NS slows down
  61. What is the difference between AFIB and AFLUTTER?
    • AFIB - Rapid irregular rhythm (Heart Rate 100 --> 150 bpm)
    • AFLUTTER - super rapid but regular rhythm (HR 200-300 bpm)
  62. Which coronary vessel has blockage which causes irregular heart rhythm?
    Coronary Artery
  63. If the septum is damages what else is also damaged?
    His-Purkinje system
  64. What is the term for pathologically added heart sounds?
    Murmur
  65. What is another term for left ventricle contraction?
    Systole - S1
  66. What is another term for left ventricle relaxation?
    Diastole - S2
  67. Which valve closes during systole (S1)?
    Mitral Valve
  68. Which valve closes during diastole (S2)?
    Aortic Valve
  69. A disease of the heart valves in which the opening of the aortic valve is narrowed. Who does it commonly affect?
    • Aortic Stenosis
    • Affects elderly mostly
  70. A disease of the heart valves in which the mitral valve is weakened. Who does it commonly affect?
    • Mitral Valve Prolapse
    • Affect young women mostly
  71. Why do arteries have very thick smooth muscles layers?
    Blood flows at high pressure
  72. Why do veins have valves?
    The blood flows against gravity
  73. Why do capillaries have no smooth muscle layer?
    Gas exchange occurs on this level
  74. What are the functions of vasoconstriction / vasodilation?
    • 1. Regulate blood pressure
    • 2. Regulate body temperature
    • 3. Regulate fluid levels
  75. What are some signs of early shock? signs of late shock?
    • Early - vasoconstriction immediately, cold and dry skin, low blood pressure, tachycardia
    • Late - vasodilation automatically (due to exhaustion of ATP and can't vasoconstrict), cold clammy skin
  76. What muscles attach to Achilles tendon (calcaneal tendon)?
    • plantaris
    • gastrocnemius
    • soleus
    • (Achilles tendon attaches to a bone called the calcaneus)
  77. What are the 2 components of blood? What are the contents of each?
    • Liquid - plasma (proteins (albumins), electrolytes (Na+, K+), clotting factors)
    • Solid - cells (RBC, WBC, platelets)
  78. How much of blood is solid? liquid?
    • Solid - 1/3
    • Liquid - 2/3
  79. What does it mean to have "thick blood"? Who is it typically found in?
    • More solid components (RBC)
    • Men (due to more intake of meat)
  80. What does it mean to have "thin" blood? Who is it typically found in?
    • Not enough RBC (anemic)
    • Women (due to menstrual cycle)
  81. What are the two vitamins that help maintains RBC's biconcave shape?
    • B9 (follate)
    • B12 (cyanocobalamin)
  82. What is the lifespan of RBC's?
    120 Days
  83. What is the function of RBC's?
    • Carry O2 to tissues (systemic circulation)
    • Carry CO2 to lungs (pulmonary circulation)
  84. What is the RBC mostly composed of?
    Hemoglobin (Hb or Hgb) 75-80% - complexed / conjugated with iron (Fe) which also gives it its red color
  85. How does one measure the "thickness" of blood?
    • 1. estimate Hemoglobin (Hgb), if small in size then there is a lack of Hgb and iron (Fe), looks paler than the "normal" red color
    • 2. Hematocrit (Hct) measures solid portion (~33%), females 30-36%, males 36-42%
  86. When a cell gets "old" what happens to it?
    When it makes it to the spleen it is phagocytisized (devoured / destroyed) and the Hemoglobin and Iron are recycled in the Liver
  87. What is another term for Erythrocyte?
    Red Blood Cell
  88. What is another term for Leukocyte?
    White Blood Cell
  89. What is another term for Thrombocyte?
    Platelets
  90. What is another term for Thrombosis?
    Formation of a blood clot (excess of platelets)
  91. What is another term for erthrocytopenia?
    Anemia (deficiency of red blood cells)
  92. What does the suffix "-osis" mean?
    Excess of...
  93. What does the suffix "-penia" mean?
    Deficiency of...
  94. What are the 3 types of anemia?
    • Macrocytic / Megaloblastic - large sized RBC
    • Microcytic - small sized RBC
    • Normocytic - normal sized RBC
  95. Vitamin B12 cannot be absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract alone. What else does it need for absorption?
    Intrinsic factor - produced by cells of the stomach
  96. Microcytic (not enough hemoglobin or iron in RBC, making them paler)
    Quantitative
    Typically occurs in young menstrating women
    Iron (Fe) deficient anemia
  97. Macrocytic
    Gastrointestinal problems leading to inability to absorb vitamin B12
    Qualitative
    Pernicious anemia
  98. Condition where bone marrow does not produce sufficient new cells to replenish blood cells (RBC, WBC, platelets)
    Typically affects cancer patients on chemotherapy
    Aplastic anemia
  99. Crescent shaped RBC (1/4 or 1/8 moon shape)
    These malformed cells clump together in blood vessels
    Mostly affect Sub-Saharan Africans
    Qualitative
    Sickle Cell anemia
  100. Which anemia results from poor control of other medical conditions?
    Anemia of Chronic disease
  101. If you are type A blood who can you give blood to? receive blood from? antibodies against which blood type(s)?
    • Can give to: A, AB
    • Can receive from: A, O
    • Antibodies against: B
  102. If you are type B blood who can you give blood to? receive blood from? antibodies against which blood type(s)?
    • Can give to: B, AB
    • Can receive from: B, O
    • Antibodies against: A
  103. If you are type O blood who can you give blood to? receive blood from? antibodies against which blood type(s)?
    • Can give to: A, B, AB, O
    • Can receive from: O
    • Antibodies against: A, B
  104. If you are type AB blood who can you give blood to? receive blood from? antibodies against which blood type(s)?
    • Can give to: AB
    • Can receive from: A, B, AB, O
    • Antibodies against: None
  105. Plasma minus clotting factors
    Serum
  106. This does not affect women's health except during pregnancy.
    Rh factors - if father is Rh+ and mother is Rh- this can cause the mother to create antibodies against the Rh factor, thus treating an Rh positive baby like an intruder in her body by attacking fetal RBC's
  107. RhoGAM injections in a Rh- pregnant mother is given when?
    24 weeks of pregnancy and at birth
  108. Major function is defense and immune function
    White Blood Cell
  109. Mainly responsible for foreign matter destruction (phagocytosis). Elevated levels of these usually means a bacterial infection.
    Neutrophils - also referred as PMN (55-70% of WBC's are of this type)
  110. Mainly responsible for foreign matter destruction (phagocytosis). Elevated levels of these usually means a non-bacterial infection (viral).
    Lymphocytes - also referred as B and T cells (15-20% of WBC's are of this type)
  111. When there is an increase in White Blood Cells present, what may that be due to?
    • Infection - 12K-15K present (slight elevation)
    • Inflammation - 12K-15K present
    • Bone marrow cancer (leukemia) - 60K-100K present (overwhelming elevation)
    • Normal range is 9K-10K present
  112. What are conditions that can cause leukopenia (deficiency of WBC's)?
    • Chemotherapy
    • HIV / AIDS
    • people taking Steroids
  113. Stimulates activation of new platelets as well as increases platelet aggregation
    Thromboxane A2 (TXA2)
  114. What is not involved in the process of coagulation?
    a. clotting factors
    b. fibrin
    c. platelets
    d. medium sized blood vessels
    Platelets
  115. This mechanism works on small vessels (capillaries)
    Vessel wall breaks, plasma leaks out (RBC's too big to pass)
    Platelets stop up the opening
    Takes seconds to form
    Edema doesn't occur due to the speed of "plugging"
    • Primary Hemostasis or "Platelet Plug Formation"
    • Image Upload 14
  116. What is the function of Aspirin (ASA)?
    • To prevent platelet aggregation
    • It is not the plaque that blocks the vessels in a heart attack but the platelets that accumulate to patch up the rupture that blocks the vessel
    • Image Upload 16
  117. This mechanism works on larger vessels (veins)
    Vessel wall breaks, plasma and RBC's leak out
    Platelets too small to stop up opening by itself
    This material acts like platelets to stop up the opening
    • Secondary Hemostasis or "Fibrin Plug"
    • Image Upload 18
  118. What are the ABC's of CPR?
    • Airway
    • Breathing
    • Circulation
  119. What is the function of the Lymphatic System?
    • 1. Returns tissue fluid back to the heart
    • Image Upload 20
    • 2. Immune function - lymph nodes are checkpoints so pathogens don't go into blood
  120. Identify the following
    Image Upload 22
    • 1. Supraclavicular lymph nodes
    • 2. Axillary lymph nodes
    • 3. Inguinal lymph nodes
    • 4. Right lymphatic duct (where drainage occurs - only in blue portion of body)
    • 5. Thoracic duct (where drainage occurs - only in non-blue portion of the body)
  121. Name the lymph organs
    • Lymph nodes - 3 major clusters (supraclavicular, axillary, inguinal)
    • Thymus - contains loads of B&T lymphocytes
    • Spleen - contains loads of B&T lymphocytes
  122. Why are axillary lymph nodes also removed in woman who have had surgery for breast cancer?
    The cancer metastasizes (spreads) exclusively via lymph channels
  123. What is the term for lymph node enlargement?
    lymphadenopathy (possibly cancerous (non-tender))
  124. What is the term for lymph node infection / inflammation?
    lymphadenitis (tender / painful)
  125. What portion of the GI Tract is food (glucose and amino acids) absorbed?
    Small intestine
  126. Are triglycerides directly absorbed by the small intestine?
    No, unlike glucose and amino acids which go directly into the liver, triglycerides go through the submucosal layer of the small intestine that then move on to specialized lymphatic channels (lacteals) that then move on to the heart
  127. What is the one pathological condition, aside from cancer, that affects the lymphatic system?
    Edema
  128. What is the term for edema of the perotineal (abdominal) cavity?
    Ascites
  129. What are the two sub-systems that make up the digestive system?
    • GI Tract - approx. 30 foot long tubing from mouth to anus
    • Biliary Tract - accesory organs of digestion (i.e. liver, pancreas, gallbladder)
  130. What are the steps of the Digestion Process?
    • 1. Mechanical Breakdown - makes food to smaller pieces
    • 2. Chemical Breakdown - smaller pieces are further processed with digestive enzymes to breakdown to basic units of food (glucose, amino acids, triglycerides)
    • 3. Absorption - basic units of food are absorbed
  131. What is the function of the mouth?
    • 1. Mechanical Breakdown (teeth, chewing / mastication)
    • 2. Saliva ("adhesive" - the broken down food is made into clump / pocket called food bolus)
    • Swallowing is voluntary
  132. Identify the following
    Image Upload 24
    • 1. Esophagus - upper 2/3 is skeletal (voluntary) muscle, lower 1/3 is smooth (involuntary) muscles (peristalsis occurs in this portion)
    • 2. Lower Esophageal Sphincter (LES) - a valvular sphincter muscle found between esophagus and stomach, prevents backward flow of food / acid to the esophagus
  133. What is this condition called when there is a backward flow of food and acid back to the esophagus due to defective LES (lower esophageal sphincter)?
    • GERD (gatsroesophageal reflux disease)
    • Image Upload 26
  134. Chronic repetitive inflammation of digestive organs eventually will lead to what?
    Cancer
  135. Identify the following
    Image Upload 28
    • 1. Cardia
    • 2. Fundus - hiatal hernia happen in this region
    • 3. Antrum
    • 4. Pylorus
  136. What is the function of stomach?
    • 1. Acid production ("activates" digestive enzymes that are coming from biliary tract that are in an "inactive form"; acid production also has some breakdown ability (proteolytic enzyme activity) but not it's major function)
    • 2. Mucus production (lines the interior of the stomach so the actions from the first function don't irritate the physical stomach)
    • 3. Intrinsic Factor production (protein produced by distal stomach, binds to vitamin B12)
  137. What is the cause of Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)?
    H. Pylori (Helicobacter Pylori) - causes 99.8% of PUD cases
  138. What is the condition called when one has a problem with producing B12?
    Atrophic gastritis (which leads to Intrinsic Factor deficiency and then leads Pernicious Anemia)
  139. Identify the following and their functions
    Image Upload 30
    • 1. Duodenum - responsible for chemical breakdown (digestive enzymes come from biliary tract (i.e. liver, gallbladder, pancreas - amylase breaks down carbs to disaccharides; lipase breaks down fats / lipids))
    • 2. Jejunum - responsible for absorption
    • 3. Ileum - responsible for absorption
  140. What is the function of the terminal ileum?
    Image Upload 32
    Responsible for the absorption of vitamins and minerals (folate, iron, calcium, B12-IF)
  141. What is the function of the small intestine?
    • Absorption - approx. 20 foot long, villi within the small intestine increased surface area for more absorption of nutrients
    • Image Upload 34Image Upload 36Image Upload 38
  142. What is the major pathological condition associated with the small intestine? Name some examples.
    • Malabsorption - failure to absorb food
    • Lactose intolerance (milk)
    • Celiacs disease (gluten - wheat, rye, barley)
  143. Nutrient are absorbed via small intestine. Where do they travel to?
    Ulitmately the Liver, via Portal Circulation
  144. What is the function of the large intestine?
    • 1. Water absorption
    • 2. Electrolyte absorption (Na (sodium), K (potassium)
  145. When blood glucose is high (esp after a meal), liver enzymes convert glucose to glycogen (its storage form)
    Glycogenesis
  146. When blood glucose is low (esp during fasting), liver enzymes convert glycogen into glucose for instant energy utilization by the body
    Glycogenolysis
  147. Liver enzymes convert amino acids into carbohydrate molecules for energy usage when carbohydrates stores in the body are low
    Gluconeogenesis
  148. What are the 3 P's of Diabetes?
    • Polyuria - excessive amount of urine
    • Polydipsia - excessive thrist
    • Polyphagia - excessive hunger
  149. What are some pathological conditions of the mouth?
    • Aphthous ulcer (canker sores)
    • Caries / Cavities
    • HSV oral ulcers (Herpes Simplex Virus)
  150. What are some pathological conditions of the stomach?
    • Gastritis due to Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
    • Gastric ulcers due to H. Pylori
    • Hiatal hernia - cardia portion of stomach herniates through the diaphram
  151. What 3 common diseases that slow down peristalsis?
    • Diabetes
    • Parkinson's
    • Multiple Sclerosis
  152. What are some pathological conditions of the small intestine?
    • Peptic Ulcer Disease
    • Small bowel obstruction - scar tissue formation due to multiple abdominal surgeries that cause twisting and curling of bowels which lead to obstruction
    • Malabsorption Syndrome (i.e. lactose intolerance, Celiac disease)
    • Ileus - temporary slowing down of peristalsis (due to trauma, drugs, viruses)
  153. What are some pathological conditions of the large intestine?
    • Diahrrhea
    • Constipation
    • IBS (irritable bowel syndrome) - alternating periods of diarrhea and constipation
    • Diverticulosis
    • Colitis (i.e. C. Difficile colitis due to excessive use of anitbiotics which result in malabsorption therefore, diarrhea)
  154. What are some pathological diseases of the liver?
    Hepatitis
  155. What are some pathologcial conditions of the pancreas?
    Pancreatitis
  156. What are the 4 steps, in order, for glucose to be converted to chemical energy (ATP)?
    • 1. Glycolysis
    • 2. TCA / Krebs Cycle
    • 3. ETS (Electron Transport System)
    • 4. Chemiosmosis
    • (last 3 steps occur in the mitochondria)
  157. The major source of energy produced during glucose and fat metabolism is carried by what?
    NAD and FAD Molecules
  158. What is the reason one takes vitamins and supplements?
    They super charge biochemical functions
  159. Can one only take vitamins to survive?
    No, one need the basic units of food (glucose, amino acids, triglycerides)
  160. In the process of carbohydrate metabolism if 1 glucose molecule enters this process, how many ATP's come out?
    36 ATP's
  161. LDL + HDL + VLDL =?
    TC (Total Cholesterol)
  162. Fat metabolism involves all of the following except
    A. Glycolysis
    B. Krebs cycle
    C. ETS (electron transport system)
    D. Chemiosmosis
    Glycolysis
  163. What is the primary source from food? secondary? tertiary?
    • Primary: Glucose
    • Seconday: Fats
    • Tertiary: Proteins
  164. What is the difference between absorptive state and postabsorptive state?
    • Absorptive State - occurs after a meal, insulin shuttle glucose to liver and either uses it or stores it for later (glycogen)
    • Postabsorptive State - during a fasting state (such as during sleep) to help maintain levels of glucose, glucagon releases glucose from storage to maintain body functions
  165. Chopping down two carbon molecules at a time converting fatty acid to ATP's is a process called?
    Fatty acid oxidation / metabolism
  166. What is a by-product of fatty acid metabolism?
    Ketones / Ketone bodies
  167. A protein that speeds up (catalyzes) a biochemical reaction
    Enzyme
  168. Vitamins are separated in two categories, water-soluble and fat-soluble. Which vitamins are in each category?
    • Water-soluble - All B vitamins and vitamin C (toxicity CAN occur when overtaking B's)
    • Fat-soluble - A,D,E,K (toxicity CAN occur when overtaking any of these, hypervitaminosis syndrome)
  169. Deficient in this vitamin can cause beriberi that affects the peripheral nervous system (1st signs: tingling / numbness, burning sensation at night, complete loss of sensation; 2nd signs: weakness, paralysis, atrophy)
    B1 Thiamine
  170. Deficient in this vitamin can cause skin disease, GI disease, nerve disease, blood disease
    B2 Riboflavin
  171. Helps form NAD molecules
    Deficiency of this vitamin can cause dermatitis (Pellagra), diarrhea, dementia
    Persons with high cholesterol should take this
    Lowers all types of bad cholesterol (LDL, VLDL)
    Main side-effect is flushing (redness)
    Excess amounts of this can cause Hypervitaminosis and abnormal liver enzyme test (hepatotoxicity)
    B3 Niacin
  172. Therapeutically used to prevent peripheral neuropathy in persons taking antituberculosis medication (INH)
    B6 Pyridoxine
  173. Functions in maintianing RBC's bi-concave shape
    Deficiency of this vitamin causes Pernicious Anemia
    B12 Cyanocobalamin
  174. One of its functions is the maintain RBC's bi-concave shape
    Deficiency of this vitamin can cause Megaloblastic Anemia
    Pregnant women taking this can prevent neural tube defect (nerve disease)
    B9 Folate
  175. Found in citrus fruits
    Deficiency of this vitamin can cause a condition called Scurvy (defective / soft bone and other connective tissue)
    Vitamin C Ascorbic Acid
  176. Function to help vision
    Deficiency of this vitamin can cause "night blindness"
    Therapeutic benefits are to help with acne
    Side effect of this is dry skin
    *birth defects if pregnancy occurs
    Vitamin A Transretinoic Acid
  177. Functions to increase small intestine absorption of calcium
    Deficiency of this vitamin will cause decrease absorption of calcium and a condition called Rickets (deficiency of bone growth / development)
    Vitamin D Calciferol
  178. One of its functions is aiding RBC formation
    Excess amount of this vitamin can cause hemolytic anemia (RBC destruction)
    Vitamin E α-tocopherol
  179. Has a function in assisting clotting
    Deficiency of this vitamin can cause a defective clotting mechanism
    Vitamin K Medadione
Author
son850
ID
108079
Card Set
Western Physiology 1
Description
W Physio
Updated

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