MT#3 Ch. 8

bones of the shoulders, upper extremities, hips, and lower extremeties

bones of the head, chest and back

the 206 individual pieces of the skeleton

another name for bones

adjective that means bony

body system that consists of all the bones, ligaments, and joints in the body

combined system of bones and muscles

provide support for the muscles

enable the bones to move

another name for the skeletomuscular system

bony framework of the body that consists of all the bones

immoveable suture between the frontal bone and the parietal bones of the cranium

domelike bone at the top of the head that contains teh cranial cavity and the brain and other structures

bone that forms the posterior nasal septum and the medial walls of the eye sockets. contains many tiny hollow areas that are the ______ sinus

soft spot on a baby's head where the cranial sutures are still open and there is only fibrous connective tissue

a hole in bone

one in each vertebrae where the spinal cord passes through

largest foramen in the body, through which the spinal cord passes to join with the brain

small holes in bones where blood vessels go through to the bone marrow

bone that forms the forehead and front of the cranium and ends at the coronal suture. contains the _________sinus

U-shaped bone inthe anterior neck that anchors the muscles of the tongue and larynx

facial bones within the eye socket. Small, flat bones near the lacrimal glands, which produce tears

facial bone that forms the lower jawa nd contains the roots of the lower teeth. the only moveable bone in the skull and forms a joint just in front of the ear with teh temporal bone (temporomandibular joint)

facial bones that form the immoveable upper jaw, the inferior edges of the eye socks, and the anterior part of the hard palate. they support the nose and lips and contain the roots of the upper teeth and the maxillary sinuses.

the two fused maxillary bones

facial bones that form the bridge of the nose and the root of the nasal cavity

bone that forms the posterior base of the cranium. contains the foramen magnum

three tiny bones in the middle ear that function in the process of hearing.

also known as the ossicular chain

facial bones that are small and flat and form the posterior hard palate

bones that form the upper sides and upper back of the cranium. join at the sagittal suture

immoveable suture between teh two parietal bones on the right and left sides of the cranium

bony structure of the head that consists of the cranium and facial bones

large, irregular bone that forms the central base of the cranium and the postrior walls of the eye sockets. contains the ____________ sinuses. A bony cup in this bone holds the pituitary gland.

bones that form the lower sides of the cranium and contain teh openings for the external ear canals.

body landmark behind the ears on the temporal bone

pointed bony landmark on the temporal lobe, the site of attachment for tendons to the muscles of the tongue and pharynx and for ligaments to teh hyoid bone.

facial bone that forms the inferior part of the nasal septum and

facial bone that forms the lateral edge of th eye socket and the cheek bone

nose (combining form)

occiput (back of the head) (combining form)

palate (combining form)

wall of a cavity (combining form)

going from front to back (combining form)

wedge shape (combining form)

temple (side of the head) (combining form)

breast; mastoid process (combining form)

stake (combining form)

firm but flexible segments of connective tissue that join the ribs to the sternum at the costochondral joint.

where teh costal cartilage meets the ribs

12 pairs of bones that form the sides of the thorax. Classified as true, false and floating.

Vertical bone of the anterior thorax to which the clavicle and ribs are attached.

triangular-shaped superior part of the sternum

inferior pointed tip of the sternum

bony cage of the chest that contains the thoracic cavity with the heart, lungs and other structures

cavity in the thorax/rib cage that contains the heart, lungs and other structures

rib (combining form)

cartilage (combining form - 2)

sternum (breast bone) (combining form)

sword (combining form)

thorax (chest) (combining form)

Vertebrae C1 - C7 of the spinal column in the neck.

vertebra known as the ATLAS

vertebra known as the AXIS

group of several small, fused vertebrae inferior to the sacrum (tail bone).

circular disk between two vertebrae. Consists of an outer wall of fibrocartilage and an inner gelatinous substance, the nucleus pulposus, that acts as a cushion.

Vertebrae L1 - L5 of the spinal column in the lower back

group of 5 fused vertebrae inferior to teh lumbar vertebrae

bony vertical column of vertebrae (4 terms)

• cervical vertebrae (7)
• thoracic vertebrae (12)
• lumbar vertebrae (5)
• sacrum (5 fused)
• coccyx (several small fused)

Vertebrae T1 - T12 of the spinal column in the area of the chest

bony structure in the spine

• vertebral body (flat circular area)
• spinous process (bony projection along the midback)
• 2 transverse processes (bony projections to the side)
• foramen (hole where the spinal cord passes through)

bony projection along the midback of a vertebra

bony projection to the side of a vertebra

hole in a vertebra where the spinal cord passes through

neck; cervix (combining form)

coccyx (tail bone) (combining form)

vertebra (combining form - 2)

lower back; area between the ribs and pelvis (combining form)

sacrum (combining form)

spine; backbone (combining form)

flat, bony projection of the scapula where it connects to the clavicle

horizontal rodlike bone along each shoulder.

joins with the manubrium of the sternum and the acromion of the scapula.

shallow depression in the scapula where the head of the humerus joins the scapula to make the shoulder joint

triangular-shaped bone on each side of the upper back. contains the acromion.

8 small bones of the wrist joint

long bone of the upper arm. the head fits into the glenoid fossa of the scapula to make the shoulder joint

5 long bones of the hand, one corresponding to each finger. Distal to the wrist bones.

large, square, bony projection on the proximal ulna that forms the point of the elbow

clavicle (collar bone) (combining form)

socket of a joint (combining form)

scapula (shoulder blade) (combining form)

wrist (combining form)

humerus (upper arm bone) (combining form)

wrist (combining form)

one of the individual bones of a finger (digit) or toe (ray)

finger

toe

forearm bone located along the thumb side of the lower arm

forearm bone located along the little finger side of the lower arm

cup-shaped deep socket in the hip bone that is formed by the ilium and the pubic bone.

where the head of the femur fits to make the hip joint.

most superior hip bone.

has a broad, flaring crest, and joins the sacrum posteriorly.

contains the acetabulum.

most inferior hip bone. one of the "seat bones"

hip bones + sacrum + coccyx

small bridgelike bone that is the most anterior hip bone.

nearly immobile joint between the two pubic bones

largest of the ankle bones (heel bone)

long bone of the upper leg. its head fits into the acetabulum to make the hip joint.

small of the two bones in the lower leg, located on the little toe side.

adjective meaning fibula (2)

the great toe

bony projection of the distal tibia or the fibula. often mistakenly called the ankle bones.

body projection of the distal tibia

bony projection of the fibula

5 long bones of the midfoot, one corresponding to each toe. Distal to the ankle bones

thick, round bone anterior to the knee joint

7 bones of the ankle joint.

first tarsal bone in the ankle joint

larger of the two bones of the lower leg. located on the great toe side of the lower leg.

femur (thigh bone) (combining form)

fibula (lower leg bone) (combining form - 2)

ankle (combining form)

patella (knee cap) (combining form)

tibia (shin bone) (combining form)

cartilage that covers the bone ends in a synovial joint

area where two bones come together

suture, symphysis and synovial

fibrous bands that hold two bone ends together in a synovial joint

crescent-shaped cartilage pad found in some synovial joints such as the knee

immovable joint between two cranial bones. contains no cartilage.

slightly moveable joint between two pubic ones (the pubic symphysis) or between the vertebrae.

contains a fibrocartilage pad or a disk

a fully moveable joint enclosed in a joint capsed lined with a synovial membran that produces synovial fluid

2 types - hinge and ball and socket

spongy bone in the epiphyses of long bones. spaces are filled with red bone marow that makes blood cells.

also found in skull, clavicles, sternum, irbs, vertebrae and hip bones

dense, compact, weightbaring bone along the diaphysis or shaft of a long bone

straight shaft of a long bone

one of the two widened ends of a long bone. contains the plate where bone growth take place

where bone growth takes place

cavity within the shaft (diaphysis) of a long bone.

contains yellow bone marrow (fatty tissue)

process by which cartilage is changed into bone from infancy through adolescence

bone cell that forms new bone or rebuilds bone

bone cell that breaks down old or damaged areas of bone

bone cell that maintains and monitors the mineral content (calcium, phosphorus) of bone

thick, fibrous membrane that covers the outer surface of a bone

joint (combining form - 2)

cartilage (combining form)

ligament (combining form)

synovium (membrane) (combining form)

lattice structure (combining form)

cortex (outer region) (combining form)

shaft of a bone (combining form)

growth at the end of a long bone (combining form)

medulla (inner region) (combining form)

changing into bone (combining form)

bone (combining form)

death of cells in the epiphysis of a long bone, often the femur.

causes: injury, fracture, or dislocation that damages nearby blood vessels or by a blood clot that interrupts the blood supply to the bone

treatment: surgery to remove the dead bone, then a bone graft. for large areas, joint replacement surgery is done.

• osteoma
• osteosarcoma/osteogenic sarcoma
• Ewing's sarcoma

benign tumor of the bone

malignant bone tumor in which osteoblats multiple uncontrollably

malignant bone tumor that occurs mainly in young men

surgical excision of tumor or amputation of limb followed by radiation therapy or chemotherapy

beign tumor of the cartilage

treatment: exision if large

abnormal softening of the patella b/c of thinning and uneven wear. the thigh muscle pullsthe patella in a crooked path that wears away the underside of the bone.

treatment: strenthening of the thigh muscle to correct the direction of its contraction

broken bone due to an accident, injury or disease process, classified by how the bone breaks

treatment: closed reduction and maipulation to align the fracture pieces, application of a cast

surgery: open reduction an dinternal fixation using wires, pins, screws or plates

fracture caused by force or torsion during an accident or spors activity

fracture caused by a disease process such as asteoporosis, bone cancer or metastases to the bone

seen in fractures that are allowed to heal without treatment

any fracture in which the bone does not break through the overlying skin

any fracture in which the bone breaks through the overlying skin

broken bone ends remain in their normal anatomical position

broken bone ends are pulled out of the normal anatomical alignment

distal radius is broken by falling onto an outstretched hand

bone is crushed into several pieces

verebrae area compressed together when a person falls onto the buttocks or when a vertebra collapses in on itself because of diease

cranium is fractured inward toward the brain

bone is broken only on one side. occurs in chilren b/c part of the bone is still flexibel cartilage

very thin fracture line with the bone pieces still together. difficult to detect except on an x-ray

bone is broken on an oblique angle

bone is broken in a spiral because of a twisting force

bone is broken in a transverse plane perpendicular to its long axis

abnormal softening of bone due to a deficiency of vitamin D or inadequate expose to the sun. in children, this causes rickets with bone pain and fractures.

treatment: vitamin D supplements, sun exposure

infection in the bone and bone marrow caused by bacteria entering the bone following an open fracture, crush injury, or surgical procedure.

treatment: antibiotic drugs

abnormal thinning of the bone structure

vertebral column decreases in height, the patient becomes shorter, and there is an abnormal curvature of the upper back and shoulders (dowager's hump). can also cause a spontaneous fracture of the hip or femur.

occurs in postmenopausal women and older men. a lack of dietary calcium an da lack of exercise contribute to the process.

treatment: bone density test for diagnosis; drugs that decrease the rate of bone resorption or drugs that activate estradiol receptors, and calcium supplements

blood vessel (combining form)

connective tissue (combining form)

arising from; produced by (combining from)

softening (combining form)

break up (combining form)

disease; suffering (combining form)

word; the study of (combining form)

arranged in a straight line (combining form)

break into small pieces (combining form)

press together (combining form)

press down (combining form)

to travel/turn (combining form)

bone marrow; spinal cord; myelin (combining form)

small openings; pores (combining form)

mineral; electolyte (combining form)

abnormal thinninng of the bone structure

treatment: bone density test for diagnosis; drugs that decrease the rate of bone resportion or drugs that activate estradiol receptors, and Ca supplements

when bone breakdown exceeds new bone formation, Ca and P are lost and the bone becomes osteoporotic (porous)

chronic inflammation of the vertebrae that leads to fibrosis, restriction of movement, and stiffening of the spine.

treatment: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

abnormal, excessive, POSTERIOR curvature of the thoracic spine; also know as humpback or hunchback

treatment: back brace or surgery to fuse and straighten the spine

complex curvature with components of both kyphosis and scoliosis

treatment: back brace or surgery to fuse and straighten the spine

small openings; pores (combining form)

fused together; stiff (combining form)

a condition of doing (suffix)

bent; humpbacked (combining form)

curved; crooked (combining form)

abnormal, accessive ANTERIOR curvature of the lumbar spine. also known as swayback

treatment: back brace or surgery to fuse and straighten the spine

abnormal, excessive, S-shaped or C-shaped LATERAL curvature of the spine. Can be congentital, but most often the cause is unknown. Develops during childhood. Impairs movement, posture and breathing. X-ray determines degree of curvatute.

Treatment: back brace or surgery to fuse and straighten the spine

degenerative condition of the spine in which one vertebra moves anteriorly over another vertebra and slips out of proper alignment due to degeneration of the intervertebral disk. Can occur b/c of a sports injury or a compression fracture of the vertebra from osteoporosis.

Treatment: back brace or surgery to relieve a pinched spinal nerve. Analgesic drugs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Intra-articular injection of a corticosteriod drug.

swayback (combining form)

right (combing form)

left (combining form)

abnormal condition with slipping (suffix)

pain in the joint from injury, inflammatoin, or infection from various causes.

disease of a joint from any cause

displacement of the end of a bone from its normal position within a joint, usually caused by injury or trauma

treatment: manipulate and return the bone to its normal position

abnormal, excessive, C-shaped or S-shaped curvature of the spine to the RIGHT

abnormal, excessive, C-shaped or S-shaped curvature of the spine to the LEFT

present at birth b/c the acetabulum is poorly formed or the ligaments are loose.

treatment: splint or surgery to correct the shape of the acetabulum or looseness of the ligaments.

joint (combining form)

pain (Combining form)

a place (combining form)

present at birth (combining form)

metabolic disorder occurring mostly in men where there is a high level of uric acid in the blood. an acute attack causes sudden, severe pain as uric acid moves from teh blood into the soft tissues and forms masses of crystals known as tophi (toes or hands).

treatment: avoid foods that increase the uric acid level. drugs to decrease uric acid level

masses of crystals formed by uric acid moving from the blood into the soft tissues; usually form in toes or hands

singular: tophus

tophi in the joints

blood in the joint cavity from blunt trauma or a penetrating wound. Also occurs spontaneously in hemophiliac patients.

Treatment: temporary immobilization fo the joint, aspiration of blood from the joint cavity, corticosteroid drugs; surgery: arthroscopy

arthritis caused by a bacterium in the bite of an infected deer tick.

erythematous rash that expands outward for several weeks (bull's eye) but is not itchy; joint pain, fever, chills and fatigue.

If untreated, can cause severe fatigue and affect nervous system (numbness, severe headache) and the heart.

treatment: antibiotic drugs

chronic inflammatory disease fo the joints, particularly the large weight-bearing joitns (knees, hips) and joints that move repeatedly (shoulders, neck hands). Usue begins in middle age, can begin earlier due to overuse or trauma. joint pain, stiffness, inflammation from constant wear and tear, worse if overweight. cartilage becomes roughened and then wears away in spots. bone ends rub.

treatment: analgesic drugs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; intra-articular injection of corticosteriod drug

grinding sound when bone ends rub against each other

sharp bone spur that causes pain

another name for osteoarthritis

growth (suffix)

production; creation (combining form)

acute and chronic inflammatory disease of connective tissues, particularly of the joints. autoimmune disease - patient's antibodies attack cartilage and connective tissues. usually young to middle-aged females. redness and swelling of joings, most often hands and feet. joint cartilage is slowly destroyed by inflammation. symptoms flare and subside over time, progressive deformity in the joints.

treatment: cortcosteroid drugs; joint replacement surgery

overstretching or tearing of a ligament

treatment: rest or surgery to repair the ligament

tear of the cartilage pad of the knee b/c of an injury

treatment: arthroscopy and repair

congenital deformity of the bony thorax in which the sternum, particularly the xiphoid process, is bend inward, creating a hollow depression in the anterior chest

treatment: surgery if severe

congenital deformity in which the knees are rotated toward the midline and are abnormally close together and the lower legs are bent laterally (knock knee)

treatment: surgical correction, if severe

congenital deformity in which the knees are rotated laterally away from each other and the lower legs are bent toward the midline (bowleg)

treatment: surgical correction, if severe.

watery discharge (combining form)

deformity in which the great toe is angled laterally toward the other toes. bunion often develops at base of the great toe with swelling and inflammation. commonly seen in women who wear pointy-toed shoes.

treatment: wear wide-toed shoes, bunionectomy

congenital deformity in which the foot is pulled doward and toward the midline (clubfoot). can aftect one or both feet

treatment: casts applied to progresssively straighten the foot; surgical correction for severe cases

blood test that is positive in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

blood test that has an elevated level in patients with gout and gouty arthritis

procedure that uses a radiopaque contrast dye that is injected into a joint. coats and outlines joint capsule. x-ray or CT scan taken.

produces an arthrogram

procedure that uses a strong magnetic field to align protons in the atoms of the patients body, which emit signals to form a series of thin, successive images or 'slices' of the joint and can be done w/ or w/out contast dye

procedure that measures the bone mineral density (BMD) to determine if demineralization from osteoporosis has occurred. Can test heel or wrist bone, but hip and spine give more accurate results.

two types: DEXA (DXA) scan or Quantitiave Computerized Tomograph (QCT). known as bone densitometry

type of bone density test that uses two xray beams with diff E levels to create a 2D image. Can detect as little as 1% loss of bone

dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry

type of bone density test that uses an xray beam and a CT scan to create a 3D image. able to measure the density of both cancellous and cortical bone.

Cancellous bone is the first to be affected by osteoporosis and the first to resond to therapy.

nuclear medical procedure in which a phosphate cpd (DPD or MDP) is tagged with radioactive traced technetium-99m, injected intravenously and taken up into the bone. Gamma scintillation camera detects gamma rays from the radioactive tracer. hot spots indicate arthritis, fracture, osteomyelitis, cancerous tumors of the bone, or areas of bony metastasis.

nuclear medicine image produced by bone scintigraphy

procedure that uses x-rays to diagnose bony abnormalities in any part of the body. Primary means for diagnosing fractures, dislocations, and bone tumors.

process of recording (suffix)

record or picture (suffix)

cut; slice; layer (combining form)

density (combining form)

point of light (combining form)

procedure in which a cast of plaster or fiberglass is applied around a fractured bone and adjacent areas to immobilize the fracture in a fixed position to facilitate healing.

procedure in which manual manipulation of a displaced fracture is performed so that the bone ends go back into normal alignment w/out the need for surgery

procedure in which sound waves originating outside the body (extracorporeal) are used to break up bony spurs and treat other minor but painful problems of the foot.

procedure in which a goniometer is used to measure the range of movement (ROM) of a joint

angle (Combining form)

orthopedic device (brace, splint, or collar) used to immobilize or correct an orthopedic problem. often custom made to fit patient.

procedure that uses active or passive exercises to improve a patient's range of motion, joint mobility, strength, and balance while walking.

orthopedic device such as an artificial leg that is used by a patient who has had an amputation of a limb. can also be an artificial joint.

procedure that uses a weight to pull the bone ends of a fracture into correct alignment.

uses elastic wraps, straps, halters or skin adhesives connect to a pulley and a weight to pull the bone ends of a fracture into correct alignment

uses pins, wires or tongs inserted into the bone during surgery to pull the bone ends of a fracture into correct alignment

uses pins inserted into the cranium and attached to a ciruclar metal frame that forms a halo around the patient's head. bars connect the halo into a rigid vest that immobilizes the chest and back while exerting upward traction on the head to straighten a fracture of the spine

procedure to remove all or part of an extremity b/c of trauma or circulatory disease.

a muscle flap is wrapped over the end of the amputated limb to provide cushio and some bulk so that the patient can be fitted with a prosthesis.

amputation performed at the level of the tibia and fibula

amputation performed at the level of the femur

proecedure to remove an accumulation of fluid in a joint by using a needle inserted into the joint space

procedure to fuse the bones in a degenerated, unstable joint

straight (combining form)

body (combining form)

artficial part (combining form)

pulling (combining form)

to cut off (combining form)

procedure to puncture (suffix)

procedure to fuse together (suffix)

procedure that uses an arthroscope inserted into the joint to visualize the inside of the joint and its structure. other instruments can be inserted through this device to scrape or cut damaged cartilage or smooth sharp bone edges

procedure that uses whole bone or bone chips to repair fractures with extensive bone loss or defects due to bone cancer.

bone graft taken from the patient's own body

bone graft taken from frozen or freeze-dried bone from a cadaver

procedure ot remove the prominent part of a metatarsal bone that is causing a bunion

procedure that is an alternative to total knee replacement; used to treat middle-aged adults w/ degenerative joint disease of the knee who have an active lifestyle

procedure used to treat a complicated fracture. device has metal pins that are inserted itno the bone on either side of the fracture and connected to a metal from to immobilize the fracture.

procedure to treat a congenitally short leg with screws in the bone that are turned each day to pull the bone and lengthen it.

proceess of using an instrument to examine (Suffix)

instrument used to examine (suffix)

examine with an instrument (combining form)

procedure to replace a joint that has been destroyed by disease or osteoarthritis. metal or plastic joint prosthesis inserted. done on hips, knees, shoulders, or even on the small joints of the fingers.

head of femus is sawn off, the stem of the prosthesis is hammered into the cut end of the femur. head of the prosthesis is matched to the size of the patent's acetabulum. cup of the prosthesis is used to replace the acetabulum, and ball is inserted into the bup.

process of reshaping by surgery (suffix)

procedure to treat a complicated fracture. incision is made at the fracture site, the fracture is reduced (realigned) and an internal fixation procedure is doen using screws, nails, or plates to hold the fracture fragments in correct anatomical alignment.

surgical device used to cut bone

forcepss used to remove small bone fragments

instrument used to cut; area with distinct edges (suffix)

OTC drugs aspirin and acetaminophen decrease inflammation and pain. used to treat minor injuries and osteoarthritis. prescription narcotics are used to treat severe pain.

inhibit osteoclasts from breaking down bone. used to prevent and treat osteoporosis

decrease severe inflammation. given orally to treat osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. some given by intra-articular injection into the joint.

inhibit the immune response that attacks the joints and connective tissue in patients with RA. these drugs actually contain gold.

decrease inflammation and pain. used to treat osteoarthritis and orthopedic injuries. celebrex is a COX-2 inhibitor drug, a type that blocks the COX-2 enzyme that produces prostaglandins that cause pain

above-the-knee amputation (abbrev)

anteroposterior (abbrev)

below-the-knee amputation (abbrev)

bone mineral density (abbrev)

cervical vertebrae (abbrev)

congenital dislocation of the hip (abbrev)

dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (abbrev - 2)

distal interphalangeal joint (abbrev)

degenerative joint disease (abbrev)

extracorporeal shock wave therapy

fracture (abbrev)

lumbar vertebrae (abbrev)

left lower extremity (abbrev)

left upper extemity (abbrev)

metacarpophalangeal joint (abbrev)

nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (abbrev)

osteoarthritis (abbrev)

open reduction and internal fixation (abbrev)

orthopedics (slang abbrev)

phosphorus (chemica symbol)

proximal interphalangeal joint (abbrev)

physical therapy or physical therapist (abbrev)

quantitative computerized tomography (abbrev)

rheumatoid arthritis (abbrev)

rheumatoid factor (abbrev)

right lower extremity (abbrev)

range of motion (abbrev)

right upper extremity (abbrev)

first sacral vertebrae (abbrev)

thoracic vertebrae (abbrev)

total hip replacement (abbrev)

tibia-fibula (slang abbrev)

sensation of pain (combining form)

to suck up (combining form)

a process; being or having (suffix)

cortex (outer region) (combining form)

redness and warmth (combining form)